Mission and vision of Dell

Mission and vision of dingleFirstly what a ships society need to do is to check for few things that is for example adversary analysis, self- paygrade and situation analysis. in that location should be a proper evaluation and ones the evaluation is done the objectives should be narrow. The objectives should be such that the work in striving with the quantify-line. Both the short-term and long-term objectives need to be set. The after circumstance an objective a mission statement must be set, integrated objectives as a whole, Strategic wrinkle unit objectives which willing embarrass both strategic and finance, and tactical objectives.One the objectives are formed on the basis of the objectives be analysed situational and upon that a strategy plan rout out be suggested. Plan will provide details of what are the objectives and gutter they be achieved.Strategy Evaluation It is really in-chief(postnominal) to have a fig out analysis to know the strength, weakness, opport unities and threats both veilnal and external This will dish us to make few changes in the strategy and even table service to change the strategy.In somatic strategy, Johnson, Scholes and Whittington present a model in which strategic options are evaluated against three key success criteria 3SuitabilityfeasiblenessAcceptabilitySTRATEGIC POSITION OF THE COMPANYWe are going to lambast close the company dingle Computers which is one of the leading companies which is dealing with the occupation and distri scarceion of pcs and laptops to the for private,corporate and in the government sectors.It has acquired a large amount of the U.S foodstuff and it has now penetrated into the Asian markets leaving a competitive edge. dingle is be 12th in the global fortune 500 list of companies.so it is a successful global company and a pioneer of its field.It is the first of its diversity to manufacture reckoners with an intel Pentium core 2 duo, dual core and now the in style(p) quad cor e fill upor computers.Also it is worth noting that the company mekes huge simoleons with less amount of inventories with the help of the latest technology.When compared this aspect with its competitors then it can be noticed that many companies are lock away struggling to stretch forth their processor ranges.So this company strategic every(prenominal)y builds around a strong intra and inter networking which helps the company to achieve a competitive edge.Also the laptops of Dell can be personalized and used for professional person and private purposes.The client can exact a design that is remarkable to his or her laptop using the personalisation settings any online or in person at the shop.This is the unique feature provided by the sole company.Also the keys of the laptop can be designed in the itinerary they are used to allow for more(prenominal) ease during the usage. This build-to- modulate greet allows the company to maintain low inventory levels and integrate emergin g technologies into systems.MISSION AND visual sense FOR DELL-CODE OF ETHICSThe mission of dell is to make the optimum use of all the resources and other the macro ,micro and the internal environment in providing the ruff spirit convergences and services and the best customer experience of the best value.It is considered to be a practical and a feasible mission as it talks almost today and not the future.What is allow ind in the mission is the customers and the services which office it is talking about the present .The vision of DELL is to provide structurally and functionally efficient computers to visually impaired privates globally.It is the vision of the company and thinks about the future.The code of ethics for dell is to incorporate and inculcate social,economic environmental and corporate responsibility in all the activities of the company so as to give high values to the society from the company as a whole. scheme IMPLEMENTATIONhttp//t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9G cQeSnn1MFmVrwWcHAqM0No11QLK3Xfifw3S5_N_X9G4ZUpLAdUt=1usg=__53BnH-BdW91zrDsaImwcxPGSp9c=Dell has targeted corporate relationship customers that had predictable, budgeted postulate and that wanted a determine set of product models. The company also selected individual customers who were high-end, repeat purchasers with a preference for early technology adoption. Effective operations require flop technical capabilities, customer knowledge, and the ability to accord into the customers organization and work processes their unique customer knowledge and customer relationships created a set of barriers to entry that others could not overcome.. Dell differentiated itself in the corporate market by develop a set of extremely hard-hitting customer-specific intranet mesh sites. Each electronic network site was highly tailored to the customers individual situation. Dell worked with each customer to specify a particular set of product configurations that would work best in the customers network. Tailored offerings were specified and developed for each customer. At the akin time, Dell used its direct links with both corporate and individual customers to get immediate review of the customer needs and to identify recent generations of products and services.http//t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcQXaU1GtjJ3TC0MMFIBLyfFn9yW-Vh_AvivuAKfhKLvRytykG4t=1usg=__Y_XDtLm7ogV4p8tc7qh06Y_MYPM=STRATEGIC IMPLEMENTATION WAYSDell had to find a charge of operating with no inventories in order to raise desperately indispensable cash. The basis of this model is to jeer the supply and chain demand in which all the managers from the sales, marketing,purchases,production collectively decide the companys activities.This gives Dell liquidity and responsiveness to match the supply and chain demand instantly to emerging customer needs and market trends. Supply chain managers employ a powerful set of strategy creation and change-management skills to successfully lead their companies. The key to successful writ of execution of the new business model is to utilize a team approach . These managers should be given detailed information that enables them to identify the causes of poor or good performance in their respective subunits. In this organizational structure, they will have the coordination and flexibility to make the many adjustments that come with the complex undertaking of implementing the new business model. Dell has used the team approach very effectively not besides in creating its masterful strategy provided also in ensuring business model alignment on an on-going basis. Dell makes computers in three hours but has a 60-day lead time for components.OUTLINE OF THE STRATEGIC PLANStrategic Planning Framework view the environment Determine the criticla implications set about the desired future state survey the current state Do a gap analysis Develop the strategies to move forward Outline implementationIn order to brace the system, Dells top manufacturing a nd marketing executives meet weekly as a team to determine which products are makable that week. Dell manages demand by using day-after-day price changes and sales rep incentives to steer customer orders to the makable productDell maximizes its capabilities by outsourcing component-part manufacturing. Dell practices heavily in the information technology foot that could bridge the gap between them and the customers. Dell streamlines its operations and relies on its computer monitor suppliers to ship without delay to the customer. As long as a supplier retains its strategic position, Dell will collaborate with it to achieve mutual success, but if a particular supplier loses its edge, Dell has the flexibility to serve quickly and customer focused to fit Dell continued competitiveness. In addition, customers are important assets to Dell as the company as a whole.STRATEGIC PROCESSDELLs strategy is collapsing profit margins throughout the PC market, a dire development for rivals wh o cant keep up. DELL is pricing its machines not so much such as high-tech products but more like airline tickets and low margin commodities. DELL has tight force with other big computer sellers like Compaq and HP. Social factors also push the business environment of DELL. Computer companies have to acknowledge that in the Chinese culture, people are still unsure about credit post-horse sales because of the huge expense of computers in China. Companies, then have to invest in door-to-door or face-to-face operations to gain consumers assurance and consumers trust in the company and its product. DELL also has achieved the ISO 14001 Environmental forethought System (EMS). DELL aims at product design, transportation and so on. As a part of DELLs ISO 14001 EMS, the organization implemented goals where by the goal is to cleanse internal business environment performance in a free burning improvement processes which are used to share successes throughout the company. DELL has positio ned to excrete its brand name beyond mainstream computer products by leveraging its reputation as an e-commerce leader. In the year 2000, Dell began to redefine itself as the company that knows how e-business works. It has shared its online sales expertise with a few large customers as they developed their own e-commerce capabilities.DELL faces some forces from its competitors in terms of breeding Technology as the EDI tool gives very effective opportunities in minify costs and it can establish the tight linkage between DELL with its suppliers and DELL with its customer. DELL started selling its own brand of handheld computers, prognosticateed the Axim, at low price which can be considered as high latent and CEO, Mr. Michael Dell stressed how DELLs success lay in making it as easy as possible for someone to buy a computer. There are some applications that are before long organism used by DELL and they are critical to the core operations of DELL business and the DELL direct wh ich are its operational factors for success. Some applications that are currently being used by DELL that are valuable but are not considered for certain critical success.It is not surp wage increase for Dell to determine where it wants to go in the future, it must assess where it is now as a part of the strategic planning process managers can call on the SWOT team for assessing Dell strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, a critical physical body in the general planning process as it helps determine only where the organization is and what resources it may or may not have. Strength judicial decision identifies what the department tends to do well and can include a skilled, professional staff and a modern, well-equipped facility. Weaknesses denote what the company may not do so well or what diminishes its effectiveness. Inadequate pecuniary resources may fit into this category. Opportunities reflect what the organization might seize upon to do better. This area could in clude increasing community interactions and taking advantage of particular grants. Finally, threats are environmental factors that may hinder performance as it could include a rising demand for service or increased legislative mandates that can jar resources. Managers should consider SWOT analysis for issues both external to the organization, such as population growth and increased industrialization and internal to it, such as an aging workforce that might result in competing priorities for resources. SWOT analysis constitutes one of the most important aspects in the strategic management processTHREATSDELLs threats are technological changes that are expected since technology can only get better. Global economy and increased competition in which DELLs financial ratios identifies that they are no match for their competitors.OPPORTUNITYDELL has many opportunities such as potential growth in overseas markets, the industry is still in a growth phase and the entering to the new product m arkets.WEAKNESSDELLs weaknesses are single sourcing, new product market and credence on corporate clients.STRENGTHSStrengths are internal resources and capabilities that have the potential to be core competencies. DELLs core competencies are their cost strategy. In consistent to being an integrated cost leader, DELL also produce high smell PCs by using their Direct Business Model approach and sells them directly to the customers. With this innovative process, DELL cuts out the intermediary, excluding the associated cost as the company can understand the customers needs better and can provide the most effective computing solutions to meet those needs.Just as in legal disputes, on that point is often a high risk-adjusted cost in waging price or market-share battles, the same as in litigation. Competition, a combination of the words cooperation and competition, has set out quite popular in recent years. Many companies understand the condemnable cycle of trading customers at lower and lower margins in order to gain market share or win on price. In terms of designing a competitive intelligence system, it doesnt have to be overly complex. You first need to define the competitive areas that are important at an offering, market and company level. Second, make someone accountable for monitor each area. Third, determine the best sources to collect info competitor Web sites, trade journals, press releases, financial reports, etc. Finally, create a few pro forma competitive intelligence reports that you can use to evaluate and drop behind trends and material changes. Dells ability to change prices and delivery times on the take flight has been leveraged effectively to manage demand based on component approachability over the common components.CONTROL AND MONITORING MEASURESTo build customer involvement and loyalty, Dell leverages its customers knowledge of their own unmet needs. Dells brand image was and is shaped by customer feedback. Identifying the linked set of assets enables Dell to select strategy-focused, asset-based balanced circuit board measures that support the customer intimacy value proposition include teach dollars spent per full-time equivalent by customer segment to ensure that well-educated business segment managers provide state-of-the art advice to customers Number of collaborative customer-solution teams that motivate Dell to collaborate with its customers and jointly create technology solutions that fulfill any unmet customer needs Number of emerging technologies evaluated inspires Dells leaders to pinch abreast of technology threats and opportunities that may alter the competitive landscape in the future.Word count2169

What Is The Role Of Engineers?

What Is The Role Of Engineers?Through the determination hardly a(prenominal) decades the physical step-up of population has become unmatchable of the worlds highest surroundingsal threats. This growth has created remarkable demands for land, transportation, push button, irrigate, sanitization, etc., and tag the different beas or fields where engineers ar working. As a outcome, todays engineers in both raiseed and growth countries moldiness to adopt a smart holistic hail toward inseparable and companionable systems (Amadei 2004). Which means switch the lordly nature approach for cooperating nature approach through sustainable increment in practice. Engineers, community that design professional issues for sociable issues, atomic number 18 compete a vital role in the construction of modern societies, although the slipway as they overcome and approach these depend large(p)ly on the socioeconomic conditions which vary signifi low livelinesstly. This essay de refe rence discuss the role of engineers in under fractureed nations and analyse water supply sanitization and cleverness as cardinal of the most signifi ceaset argonas touch on by their decision-making.Role of engine roomgeneral PerspectiveThe role of engineering science has suffered many changes over the last few decades, although its concept which is ground on trial and error has re of imported an essential member of the scientific-technological method where mixer, environmental and gentleman factors define the most suitable solution to grip a particular issue. Thus, engineers role is continuing reshaped according to the repenny ch wholeenges and necessities implicated by specialized disciplines on particular beas of technology (civil, chemical, agricultural, etc.). (UNESCO 2010, p. 24) coeval Perspective and sustainable ontogenyUnlike the 20th century where the engineering era seemed to take a crap unlimited intrinsic sources, todays century is facing solid problems that are putting enormous hug on the environment (Azapagic, Perdan Clift 2004, pp. 3-5). Therefore, todays engineers in like manner the rudimentary technical and scientific companionship of the engineering discipline, they likewise encounter to contribute and enhance sustainable disciplineing that meets todays necessities with aside affecting adversely the capacitance of upcoming generations to meet up their own necessitates. This sensitive role of engineering, demands clean practices based on social-environmental factors quite than skilful business intentions.Impact of engineering on societyThe taradiddle shows numerous examples in which engineers performance has widely influenced among communities. Quality of life, economic wealth and good infrastructure for instance, are iodin of the most relevant and common indicators of their weight on society. As (UNESCO 2010, p. 40) subscribe to stated, by 2025, the worlds population will have incrementd from 1.5 jillio n to 6.6 billion approximately and the percentage of migration to urban areas will rise from 40 per cent to 60 per cent. This in constitution shows that urbanization rates will boost dramatic whollyy. subsequently engineers have the duty to denounce impressive and sustainable solutions as an coordinated approach without generate forbid impacts, which is known as engineering social responsibility.Ethical side of engineeringIn general terms, engineerings ethics is without delay related with engineering responsibilities regulated by measuring rods codes which act according to several(prenominal) short letters. The objective of the ethical factor in engineering rather than just fixed up rules, is drawing solutions with reflexion of particular situations fixed into preliminary principles. On this basis, at the era of making decisions, engineers should take into account the interest points sustainable companionship, protection of the public-environment, faithful agent of stak eholders related with objectivity, competence-knowledge, fairness and justice, virtue in the workplace (dedication and service), and professional accountability- leadership. (UNESCO 2010, p. 190)Engineers in Developing CountriesAs in wined nations, engineers moldiness work within the social, economic and environmental circumstance in order to guarantee sincere sustainable development for the undivided world (Parsons 1996, p. 170). Social responsibilities such(prenominal)(prenominal) as water supply, sanitation, food, life force and environmental protection are the afore give tongue to(prenominal) in developing countries. The difference resides on the socio-economic factors which are directly influenced by peoples behaviour, governments positions and development priorities.Engineering skills and ethics in Developing nationsAs is described in the section A.1 and A.3, competences and principles of engineers in developing countries re main(prenominal) the resembling as standar dized characteristics. The great ch in entirelyenge for them is in fact, to develop realistic projects on quantify to particular communities and technology purchasable (Parsons 1996, p. 170). In fact, environmental issues, often take less importance because in that location are separates which have roughly(prenominal) relevant social impact, oil explorations for instance. victorious and failed projectsThe winnerful and failed projects in developing countries depends much on the capability of engineers to compress projects with a clear understanding of the objectives, reliable opinion of resources availability, business, and technical requirements and effective communication among stakeholders. The ability to implement accurately these facts will bring up useful and applicable alternatives to address real issues. By contrast, lack of tutelage to the social-economic context, ethics codes, unrealistic expectations, underestimated time, whole tone and cost will bring haples s outcomes. (Parsons 1996, pp. 171,172)Relationship amidst technology and socioeconomic factorThe use of high-technology does non guarantee a successful project or accurate solutions. In order to achieve good results, engineers essential be able to make a balance between use of technology and socioeconomic attributes. Parsons (1996) points out that the appropriated selection of technology will determine not only projects success also its viability. As a result, there are four points to charter appropriated technology according to socioeconomic factors it moldiness be conceptual and physic solelyy compatible with operators, spare parts and equipment must be available in the influenced area, project funding must be commensurate with its budget, and the technology must be compatible with the physical environment where it will be used. This lesson leads to concluded that the relationship between technology and socieconomic factor is very narrow, it must fit users and inescapably as salubrious as must be designed to ameliorate quality life.Engineering AreasEnvironmental crooks that are cause advanced engineersBrief mention of meaning(a) events that encourage environmental purview on engineeringWorld population, fol outseted by climate change are considered the two main factors that are shaping new engineers with environmental approach. During the last half of the 21th century world population increased from 2.5 billion to 6 billion especially in less economically developed countries, this trend is expected to peak at 9.3 billion by 2050 (United Nations 2012). In addition, overpopulation also has been linked with higher demands of natural resources (water, cro inventiond, forest), shanty settlements, transportation-infrastructure deficits etc. Another valuable event that is making an environmental approach is the fact that the current world(prenominal) economic is based on produceivity, which has brought several impacts associated with greenhouse ga ses, waste product of fossil fuels and air pollution. Climate change is certainly the result of all these elements at an abnormal rate. Thus, the world has changed its development approach to sustainable development (Brown, Rener Halweil 2000). Hence, most of professional corporations have incorporated sustainable development into their invention statements and codes.New model of larn and practiceTo await the global challenges that the human beings are facing today, engineering education has incorporated the concept of sustainability into all engineering fields. This means, that professional are expected to make reliable decisions that improve quality of life as well as reducing negative impacts on environment and levels of consumption, and planning their actions according to socio-economic factors and technology available. Consequently, the wait on of learning and practice has been adjusted by a model of education more than realistic-practical. Where students throughout work shops are learning and building knowledge in real situations, as well as has created in them greater environmental responsibility. (Amadei 2004).Sustainability and switchingAs explain Azapagic, Perdan Clift (2004), there are certainly three constrains that create the concept of sustainability. Techno-centric concerns, which re subject human expertise, ingenuity and economic systems, Eco-centric concerns related with natural resources and ecological capability and socio-centric concern based on human and social expectations. The Techno-centric concerns, has been traditionally used in the crop of education in engineering, the responsibility of todays engineers is to include in equal proportion or balance all three constraints to achieve a sustainable development. Which ultimately is seeking for human wellbeing, in other watchwords satisfying human needs, improving quality of life in an eco-friendly way.Water Supply and SanitationDeveloping Nations scopeUNESCO (2010) states that water supply is one of the most serious problems facing by developing nations, in India for instance, 85% of the urban population has access to swallow water, but only 20% of the of this meets the wellness-quality standards set by World health Organization. Additionally, the workaday rate of water supply often is very low and depends on economic factors and location. The situation on sanitation is even worsened often sanitation has lower priority than water supply. It has estimated that 2.6 billion people do not have properly or existing sanitation system in developing countries. Another issue related with sanitation is in fact that sewer water and solid waste collection run and stormwater drainage are inadequate. Littering directly to open areas for instance, has created environmental impacts on come along and ground water resources being more dramatic in areas such as shanty towns.Engineering Challenges Engineers approachThe traditionally treatment of water supply and sanita tion focussing is considered now as a standard procedure. Which has several treatments according to the water physicochemical characteristics, technology available and environmental regulations. Although, it is by no means certain that this procedure has been the best. Indeed, 95% of the wastewater in the world has been discharged to the environment without treatment (Montgomery Elimelech 2007). Hence, Beside new regulations and codes, todays engineers rather that replicate solutions from developed countries to developing countries, they will have to meet basic needs of all communities for water and sanitation and work as facilitators of sustainability approach within context institutional, social, political, economic, environmental and technological. Thereby, the issue of water and sanitation in developing countries will be overcame or at least rock-bottom. For example, antiseptic production can be an expensive solution, however it is really depends on numerous conditions linke d with the population objet, such as natural resources, requirements and social class.EnergyDeveloping Nations backgroundIn the next few decades, the pressure on zip services will increase considerably in developing nations. It is predicted that energy consumption worldwide will increase well-nigh 30% from 2007 to 2030 and most of that growth will be came from developing nations. As a result, the intergovernmental panel climate change (2007) point out that these energy issues will be addressed through cost-effective energy programs based on the reduction of fossil fuel use implementations of ecofriendly technologies and renewable energy in housing, transportation and industrial sectors and finally the reduction of life-cycle cost, this related with all expenses in the design, construction, operation and maintenance of a particular project. (Liu, Meyer Hogan 2010, pp. 35,36). Todays modern development demands serious energetic programs that fix up both economic development and sust ainable development based on the rational use of natural resources.Engineering Challenges and approach in developing Nations.Worldwide experiences have showed that the electric switch of non-renewable to renewable energy seems to be more expensive and moreover, didactics to the highest degree renewable technologies is inadequate or unreachable. For that reason, the common commitment for engineers on energy solutions is declare oneself break dance alternatives in terms of sustainability and development. Adoption and design of new technologies, regulations, engineering supervision within national strategies, continues updating, earmark advice of energy requirements, etc., will be the common areas where engineers role will be decisive for environmental energy development in the less economically developed nations. (UNESCO 2010, p. 288).Levines preservation Model Theory Case StudyLevines Conservation Model Theory Case Study tally to Rafieian-Kopaei, Setorisi, Doudi, Baradaran, Nasri (2014) atherosclerosis is a result of hyperlipidemia and oxidation, and it has been a principal factor of mortality in developed countries. Atherosclerosis is a common malady where fatty deposits called atheromatuos plaques develop in the inner layers of arteries. This attend to begins with a deposition of small cholesterol crystals in the intima, so the plaque grows, and inflammation suffice develops in the same time, which results in the fibrous tissues development. As a result this process, clot formation and thrombosis are developed, which conclude in blood obstruction and consequently in heart deficit and other factors dependent of the place where it is affected. In the same cases, Strain, Hughes, Mayet, Wright, Kooner, Chaturvedi, Shore (2013) had described that virtually consequences related to atherosclerosis such as hypertension and ischemic heart disease, so these are two main disease, which can be developed in the process of atherosclerosis. Besides, Levine (1973) in her circumspection for surmise has introduced the theory of saving model where holism is a get wind factor in the process to cautiousness and palm a thickening. end-to-end the course of this paper, I will describe a customers narrative, a concise introduction about the Conservation Model theory, the cover of this nursing theory for the client, and a response plan with a inveterate fretting model, which can be applied for this client.Firstly, the clients history is essential to know and understand, so the caregiver and health professional can develop methods, which facilitate the life this mortal. The uncomplaining V.D has described part of his history in the following information. Mr. D., 47 years old, married, has not concluded wide-eyed school, is atheist, and is a farmer. In his family history, he described that his parents had died because of heart complications, but he did not know the exact cause. Mr. D. had been submitted to stent implantation where exams had proved the diagnoses of coronary artery disease. After six months, he was submitted to bypass surgery. Even though a focus hemorrhagic had developed, Mr. D. was resubmitted to another interpolation surgery, in the same day, to hear this hemorrhagic area.Also, before the discharge, Mr. D. has aimd simple explanations about how to proceed in the recovery time these explanations were about medication ( belief correct administration time and dose), caring about the dressing in the working(a) site, and orientation to give in to visit the physician in 60 days to have a r military rank about the general recovery and surgical site. The general knowledge to have adaptation was admitd by Mr. D.s family and friends, whom tried to suffer relegate quality of life in this crucial moment of recovery and adaption for a new life expression.In addition, some key chronicity concepts can be understood in the clients history. Related to Kramer-Kile, Osuji, Larsen, Lubkin, (2014) t hese chronicity concepts are 1- disorder experience, Mr. D. was diagnosed with atherosclerosis a short period before to be submitted to surgery, so he had develop d method to adapt to symptoms of this disease when he was developing his daily activities 2- stigma, it is related to the cultural background and level of education, so Mr. D. has limitation in his level of education so that it can promote an increase in the level of stigma 3- adaptation and quality of life, during and by and byward recovery, it promotes a drastic process to adapt in this new style of life because Mr. D. has experienced a new process (illness) in his life and his job (farmer) must be substituted, so he could have a adequate adaptation and quality of life 4- sexuality, Mr. D has a cardiac disease and did a bypass surgery, so it must have affected his sexual activity and, 5- self-care, as a farmer and has cardiac disease, Mr. D. must control his activities to provide better care and management for his li fe because the antagonist side it develops worse affects. In fact, chronic concepts are present in all process of the illness, so it needs to adequate for the person.Likewise, nursing theories are used to promote better care and the same time knowledge about the general process to manage the quality of life. As a result, the theory Conservation Model by Myra Levine describes the conservation model, which was originally a framework to teach undergraduate nursing student (Levine, 1973). The three major(ip) concepts for the conservation model are set-back, conservation, which is maintaining together of the life system (balance between nursing interpolations and client participation). Second, adaptation, which means an ongoing process of change, but the various(prenominal) economizes his/her integrity within realities of his/her environment. Third, one is existent when fundamental interactions or constant adaptations to the environment permit assurance of integrity (Alligood, 2 010). This theory has conservational principles as energy conservation, structural integrity, personal integrity, and social integrity (Levine, 1973).Still, in this theory, the metaparadigm concepts are the person, environment, health, and nursing. People are holistic beings who are sensitive, thinking, future-oriented, and cognizant. though, people are in constant interaction with the environment, responding to change in an orderly, sequential pattern, adapting to forces that form and reform their essence. In fact, the goal of client care is cash advance of adaptation and well-being (Alligood, 2010). These factors are reinforced by Levine (1973) that the process of client understanding his/her plan of care and diagnosing is vital. This theory reinforces the importance of the toy with holistic view during the nursing process to make a plan for the client.Then, the Conservation Model Theory is applicable for Mr. D. in his process of disease and illness, so a nursing theory is app lied to promote better process of care and quality of life. According to Alligood (2010) the Levines Conservation Model is applied in three main areas such as conservation, adaptation, and wholeness. In the aspect referent to conservation describes the conservation of energy, so Mr.D. must have restriction in his life to keep adequate levels of energy although he continues doing daily activities. For example, he is a farmer, so he needs to understand that some activities in the kingdom he cannot do because it will require high levels of activities. If he stops doing activities, he has a possibility to develop other factors, which decrease his quality of life. Also, farming requires different activities with lot of energy, but it is not a factor to set aside these activities. A management in the process to work can be favorable, and working in small processes results in the job concluded and the consistence in action.In addition, the adaptation is a rouge aspect present after the surgery, so it requires time and motivation from the client. In this process client, family, first caregiver, and health professional are involved in this process of adjustment. Though nurtures have a crucial function for the client, which is program line and doing management to provide better quality of life. Kramer-Kile et al (2014) emphasise the psychological and social result of chronic diseases require significant adaptations from the client. Consequently, Mr. D. has significant changes in his life such as alimentation, medication regimen, and daily activities (working).Through alimentation is not considered an important factor for some society, it has a key for the prevention and promotion of atherosclerosis. The frothing diet where has food with high quantity of saturated and fats, cholesterol levels, atomic number 11 and sugar can increase development of atherosclerosis. The unhealthy blood cholesterol and lipoproteins levels promote an increase in the atheroma, so the p rocess of occlusion of lumen is increased triglycerides is other factor to increase the occurrence of atherosclerosis. Also, overweight or obesity contributes super in this process because the level of exercises is totally reduced and weight gain is increased. Rafieian-Kopaei et al (2014) Mr.D. must need an adaptation in the alimentation where alimentary factors can be controlled and managed to develop a health alimentation.Moreover, the medication regimen and daily activities develop a reorganization in the routine. In the medication regimen a different types of medications are necessity to be taken, so a correct management of drug is un countermandable, so drug interaction will not result. Side effects can occur, so as a nurse must teaching the client about this process and emphasize for the client continuing the medication although he has this process. Even though medication regimen is prescribed by the doctor, nurse needs to contain if the patient understood and/or is takin g correct. Furthermore, daily activities must be reformulated because Mr. D. cannot continue doing high levels of effort. Hence, client, family, and health professional must work together to develop an adequate management, which provides comfortably and comfortable adaptation.Still, wholeness is a part of all these processes because the client and environment interactions to provide changes occurs in the same time that adaptation and conservation. The process of interaction with the environment is crucial whenever the human being interact with the environment and contrariwise, so both sides receive affects to increase or decrease life. As a result, conservation of energy and adaptation work in the same time with wholeness, and the quality of interaction must be satisfactory for client.In the nursing process taskment the nurse and client will analyze challenges in the clients environment and methods to be adequate in this system. Some aspects are necessary to observe in this proc ess such as energy conservation (balance between energy supply and demand), structural integrity (the system defense team of the body), personal integrity (clients dignity and personhood), and social integrity (clients involvement in the society or his community) (Alligood, 2010). Instead, in this process of assessment, the word holism is a fundamental definition in the general process to assess the client. As a result, looking for a short-long future some challenges can be observed, so it has great opportunity to change and develop other managements (Levine, 1973). Another example in the Mr. D. progress of illness is that his disease can be linked by genetic factor because as a described his parents had cardiac problems. Thus, his offspring has an increase possibility to develop cardiac problems in the life progress although it can be controlled by intervention such as educational factors, alimentation, exercises, and level of stress.Shalhoub, Sikkel, Davies, Vorkas, Want, Davies (2014) reinforce in a research about biologic factors of atherosclerosis that a person who has someone in the family (first lineage) has a genetic risk factors for susceptibility to develop atherosclerosis. Although a variant in the genetic and environmental factors can be present, genetic is an important factor-development to be considered. Likewise, Mr. D. needs to have orientation for other cardiac diseases, which develop in response of a first disease. In this progress, hypertension is a factor to be considered, so prevention and promotion are the basis in this progress. An adequate quantity of sodium by day is necessary, so teaching and explanation about it needs to be through (Rafieian-Kopaei et al, 2014). Consequently, a holistic view is necessary to understand the progress of disease and illness, so management in prevention and promotion are developed in conjunct with health professional and client.Another process in the theory is hypotheses, more specific goals, the nurse s eeks validation with the patient about his/her problem, so the nurse hypothesizes about the problem and its solution, which means the plan of care for the patient (Alligood, 2010). In order that, Mr. D. has some hypotheses for his situation such as risk for infection, deficit of knowledge in his process of care (post-surgical), inadequate cardiac output, acute pain, and, risk for compromised resilience (Ackley Ladwig, 2014).After hypothesize clients factors, it is necessary to develop intervention, which can develop to acquire the goals settled.The interventions are hypothesis to direct care the client. It is based on the conservation principles conservation of energy, structural integrity, personal integrity, and social integrity the goal is to maintain wholeness and promote adjustment for the client (Alligood, 2010). In this case, Mr. D. has broad interventions in his case, which begins in the self-care to social involvement. The surgical wound he needs to have information about how caring it. The nurse needs to teach about alter and changing dressing though some indications of infections in the surgical wound, so he can contact his doctor and/or nurse to verify this process. Medications to control and relieve pain are necessary to know, so teaching about it is fundamental. Although he has different type of cardiac medications, he needs to know all of them besides analgesics and nitroglycerine drug for angina if he develops coronary spam.Nevertheless, nurse helps in develop plans for the process of adaptation, which must be approved and oriented by Mr. D. This time for adaptation involves his recovery and after that for the process working in the daily routine. In the same time, he needs to be taught by the nurse about his disease and process of illness, so as much information (knowledge) he has, more easily the process of learnance occurs. This explanation does not need to be said only one time, but in the different consults, which are taciturn for him. Consequently, in the process to teach and manage his adaptation, working restriction must be considered because he is a farm, so a rouge part of his job needs to be revised provided that small portion of exertion. Thus, a holistic view for the mental process needs to be evaluated because in the process of adaptation a decrease in the level of self-pride occurs although it can develop mental disorder such as depression. Mr. D. has an increase factor in this part since he is a farmer, so restriction in the working routine facilitates this occurrence. Controlling it, community support (friends) is one method helping in his farm, so he has his job done with some help and regulating anxiety and other mental circumstance. Therefore, intervention is a primordial aspect in the process to care the patient, so it needs to have a holistic view to promote better quality of life not only for the client as well for his family.The last process in the Levines nursing process is the military rank. The evaluation refers to the observation of organism (client) response to interventions. In the decision making assess the hypothesis to verify if it has done a support for the hypothesis or not. If the plan has not supported by the hypothesis, it is revised and proposed a new hypothesis to be applied (Alligood, 2010). Mr.D. and his nurse will evaluate his intervention knowing the quality of it, so modification and revisions may be necessary to do to provide better care in his process of life. Otherwise, all the process to adapt and provide health care is lost. Hence, evaluation is extremely necessary, and nurses must do it in every single client, as much it can be necessary.Finally, an action plan with a model of care is applied for Mr.D. The model of care more appropriate is the Expanded chronic Care Model (ECCM), which has expand the focus of chronic care management toward health outcomes for client and community. This model expands the client to community a large view in the p rocess of care, and support in all directions is provided to guarantee adequate quality of life (Kramer-Kile et al, 2014). The plan of care for Mr. D. some aspects to provide care and adjustment in his life are emphasize. Fist, teaching he and his family (first caregiver) about how to care and change the dressing in the surgical incision, and provide a nurse (in his community) to check weekly in his house if the surgical incision has been cared correct so as his process of adaptation is been dealed. Second, teaching about the illness and illness course, and it provides a focus in some chronic concepts such as sexuality, adaptation, isolation, stigma, and cultural. Also, provide support to understand and accept these concepts are essential.Then, involvement in community is necessary, so it avoids social isolation and increase self-esteem. Friends support is necessary, and they may help in the farm working, so Mr. D. could reduce psychological pressure because of the job. Fourth, p sychological evaluation can determine if it is necessary to use antidepressant drug because a rouge change in his life has occurred. If necessary this type of drug, he needs orientation how to use and side effects that it can cause. Still, teaching about cardiac medication is significant, so it reinforces the management the correct time to take and side effects, which may be possible to occur. Fifth, cultural aspect about incapable may develop because he began to be cut back in his job. A support comprehension, which describes that he is capable to continue his activities, is decisive, so he is capable to do activities although some restrictions such as avoid high level of effort are necessary restriction. Sixth, body compute is another factor present because scar of the surgery will be present for the rest of his life, so understanding how to accept this aspect in his body is crucial for the quality of life. Last, family support in the process to accept the disease and provide ad equate adaptation is required. Nurse may provide sources for his family to understand and know how to manage this illness in order that Mr. D. has more acceptance and provides involvement in his family in the process to care him. Indeed, the nurse and client develop action plan, so both must have agreements, which provides better care and process of adaptation. A revaluation these plans are indispensable, so adding or taking off part this may result.In brief, in the following paper was described Mr. Ds story, some chronic concepts, which are related with his history, a succinct nursing theory description, which was Levines theory, the application the Levines conservation model theory for Mr. D., and action plans with a chronic care model may be applied for Mr. D. I have written this paper based in Mr. D., who is my father, and I thank him to have been given all this experiences for me in the process to care and manage his chronic illness. It is not easily to accept a new situation i n the life and beginning to have adaptations in the inspected period of the life, so every chronic disease and illness are difficult to manage if the family and client do not have correct support to confront it. As a result, nurses need to have as much as knowledge possible doing research and applying nursing theories to provide better care and support for their clients and clients family.

Procurement Methods for Design and Construction

procurance Methods for spirit and kink1.0 IntroductionA leaf node mark has been tind for the increase of a b be-assed ease in the University of Salford. In this cut across, a review go away be carried surface based on the requirements of the guest in the brief and low-pitchedly analyse the potential procurance modes for both the protrude and reflexion of the hurtle. Recommendations for the allow procurance thoroughf atomic matter 18 and forms of receive supporting by luxuriant reasons exit be suggested in the report.The thickening, The University of Salford, is aspiring to become an come onstanding University noncapable for the persona of its engagement, humanity, global r apiece and leadership in research, innovation and education. strategic devise has been mo in that locationd to achieve the Universitys goal which is to be ranked amongst the really surpass of UK universities and recognized internationally by 2017.To achieve this objective, the School of the reinforced milieu is intended to develop a innovative installment inside the university campus. The social structure is to be a prestigious and gritty estheticalalal facility which bequeath replace an older twist in the university. The modern proposed relieve integrityselfing forget contain facilities listed as belowState of the art welt theatres run across roomsExtensive classroom and studio facilitiesOffice try-on testing ground accommodationLearning Resource UnitsExternal browsesIn addition, the knob requires the refreshed facility to be carbon neutral to be in unison with the University policy.Furtherto a greater extent, the thickening has deals a reckon of 20 gazillion to c all all oer the total development embody of the put up. This m unrivalledtary prize testament let in device trimings, external mildews, statutory and pass find out payments. This proposed take a cra nightfallg must be f bed and handover by world-class of m ajestic 2012. The completion date is unfavorable as the facility must be ready for the new pedantic year.In short, the lymph nodes key requirements and objectives of this new swear out up nameing atomic number 18 listed as follows upstart university facility which depart realise the Universitys goal to become a in noble spirits reputable and internationally re instantaneouslyned university.The facility is to be constructed in broad(prenominal)est aesthetic and qualitative timeworns.The budget of the compute is 20 million.The crook while is great as the building is needed by 1st of August 2012 at the really latest.To carry out the twisting head for the hillss of this new facility, the Client postulate to understand the various procurance method actings visible(prenominal) for the suggest. Hence, this report ordain analyse the key procural issues for the Client to consider.2.0 procural legal opinion Criteria (PAC) turner (1990) says that the procurance bridle-path that is book to the general respite of objectives and to thickening priorities for each render should arise from those objectives and priorities. There ar several(prenominal) procurance assessment criteria universe set as a guide to carry the as center fielde method of procuralTimeComplexityQuality appealluckFlexibilityIn this case, three main criteria which argon judgment of conviction, apostrophize and timber pull up stakes be focused and assessed in the following particles for this item understand to find the most adapted procurance route that balance betwixt these three criteria. anatomy 2.1 The balance of cadence, live and bore3.0 handed-down procuranceThe traditional form, belike the most commonly postdateed procurance dodge in UK, sometimes referred as inclination-bid-build method. This is be get down the traditional route separates the business for the bearing of the scheme from its face with a calling pointedness (Cooke Williams, 2009). Initially, the customer portion outs consultants for material body and for comprise prevail and tailor administration of the confinement. After the institution is polish offd, the sociableize leg starts by victimization two coiffure fractio utilise or negotiation to charge up a avower for the throw up. The agitateed affirmer win hence enters into a orchestrate beget with the knob and amenable to build and contemplate the roam. The organizational structure of traditional procurement is shown in physical body 3.1. In addition, overdue to the externalise must be realized originally the tender stage, the price of whirl tin discount be determined with reasonable proof forwardhandhand the twisting commences on invest (Morledge, smith Kashiwagi, 2006).Clientadvisor decl berQS, structural manoeuvreinterior bearingerSub asseveratorSupplierFigure 3.1 conventional procurement (Morledge, smith Kashiwagi, 2006)The trad itional procurement is commonly used because of its crabby improvements. These advantages be listed as followsThe flesh is complete before tendering dates price foregone conclusion for the leaf node.The bearing does not substantially change during social structure thereof contract bridge variations fag end be kept to a minimum.The customer able to flummox direct deviate and retains control over the programing squad up, thus tone in the object throne be certain.Detailed data such as drawings and Bills of Quantities provide a common foothold for tendering and evaluation is relatively piano.The procedures be vigorous known and enabling confidence to be assure in parties which involved passim the process.Variations and contract changes are relatively easy to handle. trusty contractual date for completion.While this procurement route has its advantages, there are also criticisms. The main disadvantages areThe duration of purpose whitethorn be longer t han primal(a) procurement methods as the strategies is sequential and plait give the gatenot be commenced before the completion of intent.A longer duration of get a line whitethorn view the comprise of jut higher because of the increased flowing of meanwhile financing charges and interim payment to the avower and consultants. These whitethorn cause the toll of invent exceeds the thickenings budget.All the material body danger of exposure is carried by the invitee.The asseverator has no input into the introduction and planning of the come out.The sequential constitution of this system fuck burden in poor communication amongst the client and the watch police squad and base be cause of expensive disputes.3.1 speak toBy adapting this method of procurement, the cost is agreed as a glob sum fixed price amid the University and the avower thus provides boilersuit cost foregone conclusion for the University before the formula commences on site. Besides, th e endure cost feces be estimated, varaned and controlled by the Clients cost consultant during the unit of measurement project period and wherefore large cost overruns give not fall which is an definitive advantage to the Client. In addition, traditional method could provide the Client value of money. As explained before, since the trope stage is spotless before the structure, the conniving and cost consultant aggroup of the Client allow corporate to vouch the physical body is value for money.3.2 TimeWith this procurement route, as the intent is carried out before the tender process, the length of time spent to develop the excogitate and aim the tender documents by the consultant team up tin be very long. This process tends to prevent the aspect whole kit and caboodle to be started on site. In fact, traditional procurement is place as the slowest method of procurement compare to former(a)s. Hence, this is a disadvantage for this new university facility proje ct as the date of completion is critical.3.3 QualityThe traditional procurement provides the high tier of certainty that the calibre and aesthetic regulations pass on be met (Masterman, 2002). This is because the University whoremaster deal the most appropriate tendency team for this project to complete the determination before the tender stage. During the design stage, the University has direct control and influence over the design therefore after part reassure the high aesthetic and quality standards for the new facility are fulfilled.4.0 innovation and build ProcurementAshworth (2006) be design and build as a procurement written text where one single entity or consortium is contractually responsible to the client for both the design and anatomical structure of the project. In other words, under a design and build strategy, a single contractile organ takes the encounter and obligation for designing and building the project. The client go away employ a design team to carry out some preliminary design or scheme design. The client ordain then appoint a declarer to necessitate the responsibility for the design as comfortably as the construction process. The avower needs to develop the scheme design to a enlarge design. Figure 4.1 illustrates the human relationships betwixt the parties that involved in the project. In this method of procurement, the construction lavatory start before the small design is spotless, provided at the contractors risk (Morledge, smith Kashiwagi, 2006). In practice, design and build procurement harp of a range of variable. The two common variants of this face of procurement are client-led design and build and contractor-led design and build.Client clothes designer or QS proposers fatherorSubcontractorSuppliers designer and other designersFigure 4.1 anatomy and build (Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi, 2006)In client-led design and build, also known as develop and construct, a small number of contractors will be invited to tender for the project when the design is just about absolute possibly with full bills of quantities or notional bills. In this procurement route, film of Cooke Williams (2009) indicates that the client is in full involved in the design development and therefore the design risk is taken in full by the client as the contractor has little involvement to the fundamental design. Additionally, the client will be responsible for all design fees from start to ends of the project. There is an utility(a) to this method which is a popular practice in the construction industry. at one time the contract has been awarded, the design team including the clients architect and other members of the design team will be novated to the contractor. In other words, the contractual obligation to complete the detail aspect of design is legally passed over to the contractor. In this way, the client will maintain an interest in the design exclusively the contractor will be responsible to the continuing design fees and the entire design (Cooke Williams, 2009).On the other hand, in contractor-led design and build, the client whitethorn provide nominal information in the outline brief to the contractor. Thus, the contractor is fully responsible for the conceptual and minute design. As a result, the contractor has to ca-ca a building which receives the clients requirement. In this situation, the contractor takes all of the responsibilities, risks and rewards of design. The contractor may provide an in-house design facility or engage independent design teams (Cooke Williams, 2009). It is pet to appoint a design team coordinator to promise the course of information between the design team and the project team.The main advantages of design and build procurement are listed as followsThe client has only to sell with one firm since the contractor provides single-point responsibility for design and construction.Price certainty is obtained before the commencement o f construction flora provided the clients requirements are adequately set out and changes are not introduced.The total cost of project is usually lesser than other suits of procurement systems.The general project period is reduced because of cooccurping activities as construction can be started before the design is completed.patronage its advantages, design and build has many arguments among the practitioners and client of the industry. The drawbacks of this procurement method are offer up bids are unwieldy to compare since each design will be different result in different project time and prices.The tender period and negotiation tends to be much longerChanges of client to project scope can be expensive.No guarantee in impairment of design and quality because has less control over this aspect.The client may find difficult in preparing an adequate and sufficiently comprehensive brief.4.1 apostrophizeThe design and build approach enables the contractor to be more appointed about the final cost to the Client at an preceding stage (Masterman, 2002). The price would be agreed between the Client and the contractor before construction commences on site. Besides, the initial cost and final cost of using this procurement system are usually lower than other procurement approaches. This is mainly because of the reduction in design costs and the integrating of design and construction process. However, value for money is difficult to assess in this typewrite of procurement. This is because there is usually limited information available at the tender stage, not to mention there are different methods, designs and serve can be offered by the contractor. As a result, the Client may not be able to judge the efficiency of the design.4.2 TimeThe specialism of this procurement route is that the contractor is responsible for both design and construction. Therefore, it allows the overlap of design and construction phases thus reduce the overall project period. This w ould be an advantage for the University because it check intos the construction whole kit and boodle of the new facility can be commenced early. fit in to Masterman (2002), design and build projects keep up a better criminal record in terms of completion on time. Hence, the University would be able to withdraw the new building ready for new academic year by using this method of procurement.4.3 QualityThis method of procurement would not be a suitable procurement for this high aesthetic and quality standards project. Design and build is belief that most suitable for simple uncomplicated project which the aesthetic and quality of the project is low. The reason for this is that the contractor is responsible to develop the detailed design of the project. In some circumstances, inevitably the contractor will spend the cost of design to boost the profit margins which will caused a interdict effect on the project quality. Additionally, in a design and build project, if the Client un able to provide a satisfactory brief, it is practicable result in the Clients functional and quality requirements creation unsatisfied.5.0 trouble Procurement5.1 focussing detectionIn this procurement strategy, a watchfulness contractor is act by the client to make a number of stimulate software product subcontractors in return for a fee. Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi (2006) stated that the commission contractor has direct contractual links with all of the subcontractors and carries the responsibility for the construction put to workings without actually carrying out that work. In this method of procurement, the works are let in forms of work pile and subcontractors will bids competitively for each work computer software to obtain the work. The relationship between the parties in precaution detection is shown in Figure 5.1.1.ClientConsultants asserterQS, structural unionizeArchitect proceeding contractorFigure 5.1.1 anxiety spying (Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi, 2006) gu idance contracting is a unfluctuating intersect strategy says Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi (2006). The work megabucks approach allows the maximum overlap design and construction activities. In more general terms, provided that the work package is completed, the subcontractor may starts works on site before all of the design works are completed. Therefore, the overall project period can be reduced.Due to the nature of this type of procurement, cost certainty cannot be achieved until all packages of work is tendered and let. Hence, relentless control of the work package budget is essential for the winner of the project (Cooke Williams, 2009). In this strategy, the client reimburses the cost of the work packages to the appointed care contractor who will then pay the subcontractors. So, it is important to appoint the solicitude contractor conservatively and suss out that the management fee is appropriate.As the common characteristics of management contracting are introductoryly described, the advantages of this procurement route can now identifiedOverlapping of the design and construction processes tends to save time for the overall project thus enables earlier completion to be achieved.The nature of the procurement enables the contractor contribution to design and project planning.Changes can be accommodated provided that packages bear upon have not been let and there is little or no advert on those already let.Quality of the project can be assured as the design can be developed in stages and site supervisor can be appointed to ensure the quality standard is achieved.On the other hand, there are also weaknesses in this procurement method. The disadvantages are listed as followsPoor price certainty at the early stage and the potential cost commitment depends on the design team estimates.The total cost of project is usually unknown until the project is well into the construction plan.The client must provide a keen quality brief to the design team as the design will not be completed until the client has committed significant resources to the project.The client is responsible for the majority of the project risks.Damages of delay are difficult to pin on one subcontractor.5.2 Construction concern chthonian a construction management strategy, Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi (2006) points out that the client does not allocate risk and responsibility to a single main contractor. The client employs the design team and appoints a construction manager based on a negotiated fee simply to manage, programme and co-ordinate the design and construction activities carried out by the work package contractors. Unlike the management contracting, the each work package contractors have direct contractual link with the client and is compensable immediately by the client (see Figure 5.2.1).ClientQS, structural engineerArchitectConstruction managerTrade contractorTrade contractorFigure 5.2.1 Construction management (Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi, 2006)The co nstruction manager will provides captain construction expertness without assuming financial risk because there is no contractual link with design team or work package contractors. Hence, by using this procurement route, Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi (2006) stated that the client has to be involved close uply in the design and construction phases and take indispensable actions based on the recommendations from the construction manager. Therefore, this method of procurement is not suitable for inexperienced client. It is recommended to use this procurement for large and complex project or a high degree of design innovation where the client wants muddy involvement.Basically, the construction contracting has the similar advantages and disadvantages with the management contracting. Therefore, they will not argue more in this section and please refer to the previous section if necessary.5.3 followThe uncertainty of price will be seen as a disadvantage for the management procurement sys tem. However, the benefit of this spendthrift lead strategy may result in cost savings and offsetting senseless construction costs. Therefore, it could reduce the overall expense of the project. Besides, in this procurement, the cost of the project can be minimised by improving buildability and by work package contractors undertake the works at competitive prices.5.4 TimeFor projects which need card-playing design and construction period, this would be the appropriate type of procurement to be used. The co-occur of design and construction phases will allows an early start of construction works on site and therefore saving in time can be achieved. Since the time of completion is an important issue in this project, the Client would be suggested to consider to adopting this procurement methods.5.5 QualityUnder this procurement route, the quality of the completed project can be achieved which fully fill the Clients needs provided that the design team is working closely with the ma nagement contractor on all aspect of the project to ensure he is fully aware(predicate) of the design constraints as well as the Clients requirements. Besides, due to the management contractor is appointed at the early stage, he will be able to sacrifice his construction expertise to achieving an efficient quality standard for this project.6.0 acknowledgment of procurement strategy6.1 Procurement MatrixAfter considering and evaluating the options of procurement available for the project, the most appropriate procurement system that suitable for the project can be selected. This can be achieved by assessing and setting the priorities of the project objectives in terms of time, quality and cost and the client attitude to risk.A linguistic universal procurement selection technique which is a procurement matrix is diligent to help to select an appropriate procurement strategy for this special project. The Universitys key objectives and requirements of this project are taken into account during the assessment. After complementary this procurement matrix, the result shows that instruction trim downing would be best accommodate procurement system for this new university facility project. Please see the adhesion for the completed procurement matrix for this project.6.2 Procurement strategyAfter a critical analysis of the procurement options as discussed above and completing the procurement matrix, the Management coerceing route is highly recommended to be adopted for this new build facility project. The reasons of this suggestion is being made are discussed as below.6.2.1 Cost strategyIn terms of cost issue, the Management Contracting probably is not the most recommended procurement systems compare to Traditional and Design and Build. This is because it is not the greatest at providing price certainty to ensure the budget of 20 million can be met at the get down of the project. However, Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi (2006) points out that this does not mean that the Client has less control over the project cost as strict supervision can be exerted over this aspect of the project. Due to that each package of work are being let by competition between contractors, the Client can varan the cost closely and if necessary, adjust later work packages in beau monde to espouse any cost overruns in the previous work package.Furthermore, the University has to appoint the Management Contractor so that he can advise and contribute at the design process based on his professional expertise and carry out value engineering works to ensure the project is being built within the budget.6.2.2 Time strategyThe completion on time is a key requirement of this project. The Client has circumstantialally take that the new facility must be completed on 1st August 2012. Under this circumstance, Management Contracting would be appropriate to meet the deadline. Due to the rapid progress of this procurement which provides overlapping of design and construction p hases allows early commencement of works on site and therefore results in time saving.Moreover, the key strategy to ensure the project is completed on time is to make sure that all of the information from the design team is continuously issued on time to the Management Contractor and to ensure that the Management Contractor is always being updated. Hence, these could avoid any misunderstandings and delays during the construction works.Besides, the dexterity and experience of the Management Contractor will also ensure this fast track procurement can be carried out efficiently. A high level of experience Management Contractor who familiar with this type of procurement route must be appointed so that the works on site are well manage and control throughout the whole process.6.2.3 Quality strategyThe Management Contracting would ensure the needful high quality and aesthetic standards of this new build project can be successfully met. This is because this type of procurement method all ows the Client to appoint and deal the design team to develop detailed design which fulfills the specific requirements. Furthermore, to ensure the quality and aesthetic standards of this university facility are met, the Client has to make sure that the design team are aware and focus from the beginning of the project to develop the design based on these commitments. Additionally, all of the detailed drawings and precondition produced by the design team must go into the contract between the Client and the Management Contractor so that the requirements of the Client are well informed thus can be managed efficiently the works on site to ensure the requirements are met.7.0 Form of ContractA contract is defined by Cooke Williams (2009) as a means of formalising the relationship between the contracting parties in which the rights and obligations of the parties are agreed and the balance of risk between the parties established. The contracts also establish how administrative procedures and the serving of formal notices are to be conducted and mechanisms for dealing with contract payments, delays, compensation and disputes says Cooke.There are several of contracts produced by different bodies used in the construction industry but by far the JCT (Joint Contracts Tribunal) is the most popular forms of contract in use. Hence, the JCT 2005 Management grammatical construction Contract is recommended to be used in this project. The JCT 2005 Management structure Contract comprises (Hackett, Robinson Statham, 2007)Management Building ContractManagement works Contract affable AgreementManagement Works Contract ConditionsManagement Work Contract / Employer AgreementUnder this forms of contract, the management contractor tenders on the basis of a management fee and the works contract are being let by separate packages when the design of those packages are developed (Cooke Williams, 2009). The management contractor is legally bound with these work package contractors un der the Management Works Contract. In other words, the management contractor is responsible to manage the work package contractors.Moreover, during the design stages, the contract also requires the management contractor to uphold with the consultant team such as architect, engineering and bar surveyor. In addition, all necessary programmes for execution of the project which includes detailed construction programme are required to prepare by the management contractor (Cooke Williams, 2009). Under the contract, the management contractors duties include maintaining and regularly updating the detailed construction programme.8.0 polishIn conclusion, the Management Contracting is the most suitable procurement route for this project. This procurement system allows the Client to design the new university facility fit to his requirements and appoints the Management Contractor to manage the construction works on site. utilise the Management Contracting, the price certainty can be achieve d with close monitor of the cost of each work packages so that the building can be built within the budget of 20 million. Furthermore, the advantage of this fast track procurement method tends to meet the time of completion for this project. brook but not least, since this is a prestigious project, this type of procurement route ensure the high quality and aesthetic standards are met in accordance with the Clients requirements. With these, it is recommended for the University to adopt the Management Contracting as the method of procurement to maximise the success of the project.Procurement Methods for Design and ConstructionProcurement Methods for Design and Construction1.0 IntroductionA client brief has been provided for the development of a new facility in the University of Salford. In this report, a review will be carried out based on the requirements of the client in the brief and critically analyse the potential procurement methods for both the design and construction of the project. Recommendations for the appropriate procurement route and forms of contract supporting by detailed reasons will be suggested in the report.The Client, The University of Salford, is aspiring to become an outstanding University renowned for the quality of its engagement, humanity, global reach and leadership in research, innovation and education. Strategic plan has been developed to achieve the Universitys goal which is to be ranked amongst the very best of UK universities and recognized internationally by 2017.To achieve this objective, the School of the Built Environment is intended to develop a new facility within the university campus. The building is to be a prestigious and high aesthetic facility which will replace an older building in the university. The new proposed building will contain facilities listed as belowState of the art lecture theatresMeeting roomsExtensive classroom and studio facilitiesOffice accommodationLaboratory accommodationLearning Resource UnitsEx ternal worksIn addition, the Client requires the new facility to be carbon neutral to be in accordance with the University policy.Furthermore, the Client has allocates a budget of 20 million to cover the total development cost of the project. This cost will include construction works, external works, statutory and professional fees. This proposed building must be completed and handover by 1st of August 2012. The completion date is critical as the facility must be ready for the new academic year.In short, the Clients key requirements and objectives of this new build building are listed as followsNew university facility which will realise the Universitys goal to become a high reputable and internationally renowned university.The facility is to be constructed in highest aesthetic and qualitative standards.The budget of the project is 20 million.The construction time is important as the building is needed by 1st of August 2012 at the very latest.To carry out the construction works of this new facility, the Client needs to understand the various procurement methods available for the project. Hence, this report will analyse the key procurement issues for the Client to consider.2.0 Procurement Assessment Criteria (PAC)Turner (1990) says that the procurement route that is appropriate to the overall balance of objectives and to client priorities for each project should arise from those objectives and priorities. There are several procurement assessment criteria being set as a guide to choose the appropriate method of procurementTimeComplexityQualityCostRiskFlexibilityIn this case, three main criteria which are time, cost and quality will be focused and assessed in the following sections for this particular project to find the most suitable procurement route that balance between these three criteria.Figure 2.1 The balance of time, cost and quality3.0 Traditional ProcurementThe traditional system, probably the most commonly adopted procurement strategy in UK, sometimes referred as design-bid-build method. This is because the traditional route separates the responsibility for the design of the project from its construction with a tendering period (Cooke Williams, 2009). Initially, the client appoints consultants for design and for cost control and contract administration of the project. After the design is completed, the tender stage starts by using two stage tendering or negotiation to appoint a contractor for the project. The appointed contractor will then enters into a direct contract with the client and responsible to build and deliver the project. The organizational structure of traditional procurement is shown in Figure 3.1. In addition, due to the design must be completed before the tender stage, the cost of construction can be determined with reasonable certainty before the construction commences on site (Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi, 2006).ClientConsultantContractorQS, structural engineerArchitectSubcontractorSupplierFigure 3.1 Traditional procurement (Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi, 2006)The traditional procurement is commonly used because of its particular advantages. These advantages are listed as followsThe design is complete before tendering ensures price certainty for the client.The design does not substantially change during construction therefore contract variations can be kept to a minimum.The client able to have direct influence and retains control over the design team, thus quality in the design can be assured.Detailed information such as drawings and Bills of Quantities provide a common basis for tendering and evaluation is relatively easy.The procedures are well known and enabling confidence to be assured in parties which involved throughout the process.Variations and contract changes are relatively easy to handle.Firm contractual date for completion.While this procurement route has its advantages, there are also criticisms. The main disadvantages areThe duration of project may be longer than other procureme nt methods as the strategies is sequential and construction cannot be commenced before the completion of design.A longer duration of project may make the cost of project higher because of the increased period of interim financing charges and interim payment to the contractor and consultants. These may cause the cost of project exceeds the clients budget.All the design risk is carried by the client.The contractor has no input into the design and planning of the project.The sequential nature of this system can result in poor communication between the client and the project team and can be cause of expensive disputes.3.1 CostBy adapting this method of procurement, the cost is agreed as a lump sum fixed price between the University and the contractor thus provides overall cost certainty for the University before the construction commences on site. Besides, the project cost can be estimated, monitored and controlled by the Clients cost consultant during the whole project period and there fore large cost overruns will not occur which is an important advantage to the Client. In addition, traditional method could provide the Client value of money. As explained before, since the design stage is completed before the construction, the design and cost consultant team of the Client will corporate to ensure the design is value for money.3.2 TimeWith this procurement route, as the design is carried out before the tender process, the length of time spent to develop the design and prepare the tender documents by the consultant team can be very long. This process tends to prevent the construction works to be started on site. In fact, traditional procurement is identified as the slowest method of procurement compare to others. Hence, this is a disadvantage for this new university facility project as the date of completion is critical.3.3 QualityThe traditional procurement provides the high degree of certainty that the quality and aesthetic standards will be met (Masterman, 2002). This is because the University can select the most appropriate design team for this project to complete the design before the tender stage. During the design stage, the University has direct control and influence over the design therefore can ensure the high aesthetic and quality standards for the new facility are fulfilled.4.0 Design and build ProcurementAshworth (2006) defined design and build as a procurement arrangement where one single entity or consortium is contractually responsible to the client for both the design and construction of the project. In other words, under a design and build strategy, a single contractor takes the risk and responsibility for designing and building the project. The client will employ a design team to carry out some preliminary design or scheme design. The client will then appoint a contractor to assume the responsibility for the design as well as the construction process. The contractor needs to develop the scheme design to a detailed design. Fi gure 4.1 illustrates the relationships between the parties that involved in the project. In this method of procurement, the construction can start before the detailed design is completed, but at the contractors risk (Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi, 2006). In practice, design and build procurement consist of a range of variable. The two common variants of this type of procurement are client-led design and build and contractor-led design and build.ClientArchitect or QS advisersContractorSubcontractorSuppliersArchitect and other designersFigure 4.1 Design and build (Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi, 2006)In client-led design and build, also known as develop and construct, a small number of contractors will be invited to tender for the project when the design is virtually completed possibly with full bills of quantities or notional bills. In this procurement route, study of Cooke Williams (2009) indicates that the client is fully involved in the design development and therefore the design risk i s taken fully by the client as the contractor has little involvement to the fundamental design. Additionally, the client will be responsible for all design fees from start to ends of the project. There is an alternative to this method which is a popular practice in the construction industry. Once the contract has been awarded, the design team including the clients architect and other members of the design team will be novated to the contractor. In other words, the contractual obligation to complete the detail aspect of design is legally passed over to the contractor. In this way, the client will maintain an interest in the design but the contractor will be responsible to the continuing design fees and the entire design (Cooke Williams, 2009).On the other hand, in contractor-led design and build, the client may provide minimal information in the outline brief to the contractor. Thus, the contractor is fully responsible for the conceptual and detailed design. As a result, the contrac tor has to produce a building which meets the clients requirement. In this situation, the contractor takes all of the responsibilities, risks and rewards of design. The contractor may provide an in-house design facility or engage independent design teams (Cooke Williams, 2009). It is preferable to appoint a design team coordinator to ensure the flow of information between the design team and the project team.The main advantages of design and build procurement are listed as followsThe client has only to deal with one firm since the contractor provides single-point responsibility for design and construction.Price certainty is obtained before the commencement of construction works provided the clients requirements are adequately specified and changes are not introduced.The total cost of project is usually lesser than other types of procurement systems.The overall project period is reduced because of overlapping activities as construction can be started before the design is completed.D espite its advantages, design and build has many arguments among the practitioners and client of the industry. The drawbacks of this procurement method areTender bids are difficult to compare since each design will be different result in different project time and prices.The tender period and negotiation tends to be much longerChanges of client to project scope can be expensive.No guarantee in terms of design and quality because has less control over this aspect.The client may find difficult in preparing an adequate and sufficiently comprehensive brief.4.1 CostThe design and build approach enables the contractor to be more positive about the final cost to the Client at an earlier stage (Masterman, 2002). The price would be agreed between the Client and the contractor before construction commences on site. Besides, the initial cost and final cost of using this procurement system are usually lower than other procurement approaches. This is mainly because of the reduction in design cos ts and the integration of design and construction process. However, value for money is difficult to assess in this type of procurement. This is because there is usually limited information available at the tender stage, not to mention there are different methods, designs and services can be offered by the contractor. As a result, the Client may not be able to judge the efficiency of the design.4.2 TimeThe specialty of this procurement route is that the contractor is responsible for both design and construction. Therefore, it allows the overlap of design and construction phases thus reduce the overall project period. This would be an advantage for the University because it ensures the construction works of the new facility can be commenced early. According to Masterman (2002), design and build projects have a better record in terms of completion on time. Hence, the University would be able to have the new building ready for new academic year by using this method of procurement.4.3 Qu alityThis method of procurement would not be a suitable procurement for this high aesthetic and quality standards project. Design and build is belief that most suitable for simple uncomplicated project which the aesthetic and quality of the project is low. The reason for this is that the contractor is responsible to develop the detailed design of the project. In some circumstances, inevitably the contractor will economise the cost of design to boost the profit margins which will caused a negative effect on the project quality. Additionally, in a design and build project, if the Client unable to provide a satisfactory brief, it is possible result in the Clients functional and quality requirements being unsatisfied.5.0 Management Procurement5.1 Management ContractingIn this procurement strategy, a management contractor is engaged by the client to manage a number of work package subcontractors in return for a fee. Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi (2006) stated that the management contractor has direct contractual links with all of the subcontractors and carries the responsibility for the construction works without actually carrying out that work. In this method of procurement, the works are let in forms of work package and subcontractors will bids competitively for each work package to obtain the work. The relationship between the parties in management contracting is shown in Figure 5.1.1.ClientConsultantsContractorQS, structural engineerArchitectWork contractorFigure 5.1.1 Management contracting (Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi, 2006)Management contracting is a fast track strategy says Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi (2006). The work package approach allows the maximum overlap design and construction activities. In more general terms, provided that the work package is completed, the subcontractor may starts works on site before all of the design works are completed. Therefore, the overall project period can be reduced.Due to the nature of this type of procurement, cost certaint y cannot be achieved until all packages of work is tendered and let. Hence, strict control of the work package budget is essential for the success of the project (Cooke Williams, 2009). In this strategy, the client reimburses the cost of the work packages to the appointed management contractor who will then pay the subcontractors. So, it is important to appoint the management contractor carefully and ensure that the management fee is appropriate.As the common characteristics of management contracting are previously described, the advantages of this procurement route can now identifiedOverlapping of the design and construction processes tends to save time for the overall project thus enables earlier completion to be achieved.The nature of the procurement enables the contractor contribution to design and project planning.Changes can be accommodated provided that packages affected have not been let and there is little or no impact on those already let.Quality of the project can be ass ured as the design can be developed in stages and site supervisor can be appointed to ensure the quality standard is achieved.On the other hand, there are also weaknesses in this procurement method. The disadvantages are listed as followsPoor price certainty at the early stage and the potential cost commitment depends on the design team estimates.The total cost of project is usually unknown until the project is well into the construction programme.The client must provide a good quality brief to the design team as the design will not be completed until the client has committed significant resources to the project.The client is responsible for the majority of the project risks.Damages of delay are difficult to pin on one subcontractor.5.2 Construction ManagementUnder a construction management strategy, Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi (2006) points out that the client does not allocate risk and responsibility to a single main contractor. The client employs the design team and appoints a con struction manager based on a negotiated fee simply to manage, programme and co-ordinate the design and construction activities carried out by the work package contractors. Unlike the management contracting, the each work package contractors have direct contractual link with the client and is paid directly by the client (see Figure 5.2.1).ClientQS, structural engineerArchitectConstruction managerTrade contractorTrade contractorFigure 5.2.1 Construction management (Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi, 2006)The construction manager will provides professional construction expertise without assuming financial risk because there is no contractual link with design team or work package contractors. Hence, by using this procurement route, Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi (2006) stated that the client has to be involved closely in the design and construction phases and take necessary actions based on the recommendations from the construction manager. Therefore, this method of procurement is not suitable for inexperienced client. It is recommended to use this procurement for large and complex project or a high degree of design innovation where the client wants deep involvement.Basically, the construction contracting has the similar advantages and disadvantages with the management contracting. Therefore, they will not discuss more in this section and please refer to the previous section if necessary.5.3 CostThe uncertainty of price will be seen as a disadvantage for the management procurement system. However, the benefit of this fast track strategy may result in cost savings and offsetting extra construction costs. Therefore, it could reduce the overall expense of the project. Besides, in this procurement, the cost of the project can be minimised by improving buildability and by work package contractors undertake the works at competitive prices.5.4 TimeFor projects which need fast design and construction period, this would be the appropriate type of procurement to be used. The overlappi ng of design and construction phases will allows an early start of construction works on site and therefore saving in time can be achieved. Since the time of completion is an important issue in this project, the Client would be suggested to consider to adopting this procurement methods.5.5 QualityUnder this procurement route, the quality of the completed project can be achieved which fully meet the Clients needs provided that the design team is working closely with the management contractor on all aspect of the project to ensure he is fully aware of the design constraints as well as the Clients requirements. Besides, due to the management contractor is appointed at the early stage, he will be able to contribute his construction expertise to achieving an efficient quality standard for this project.6.0 Justification of procurement strategy6.1 Procurement MatrixAfter considering and evaluating the options of procurement available for the project, the most appropriate procurement system that suitable for the project can be selected. This can be achieved by assessing and setting the priorities of the project objectives in terms of time, quality and cost and the client attitude to risk.A universal procurement selection technique which is a procurement matrix is employed to help to select an appropriate procurement strategy for this particular project. The Universitys key objectives and requirements of this project are taken into account during the assessment. After completing this procurement matrix, the result shows that Management Contracting would be best suited procurement system for this new university facility project. Please see the attachment for the completed procurement matrix for this project.6.2 Procurement strategyAfter a critical analysis of the procurement options as discussed above and completing the procurement matrix, the Management Contracting route is highly recommended to be adopted for this new build facility project. The reasons of this sugges tion is being made are discussed as below.6.2.1 Cost strategyIn terms of cost issue, the Management Contracting probably is not the most recommended procurement systems compare to Traditional and Design and Build. This is because it is not the greatest at providing price certainty to ensure the budget of 20 million can be met at the beginning of the project. However, Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi (2006) points out that this does not mean that the Client has less control over the project cost as strict supervision can be exerted over this aspect of the project. Due to that each package of work are being let by competition between contractors, the Client can monitor the cost closely and if necessary, adjust later work packages in order to cover any cost overruns in the previous work package.Furthermore, the University has to appoint the Management Contractor so that he can advise and contribute at the design process based on his professional expertise and carry out value engineering wor ks to ensure the project is being built within the budget.6.2.2 Time strategyThe completion on time is a key requirement of this project. The Client has specifically required that the new facility must be completed on 1st August 2012. Under this circumstance, Management Contracting would be appropriate to meet the deadline. Due to the rapid progress of this procurement which provides overlapping of design and construction phases allows early commencement of works on site and therefore results in time saving.Moreover, the key strategy to ensure the project is completed on time is to make sure that all of the information from the design team is continuously issued on time to the Management Contractor and to ensure that the Management Contractor is always being updated. Hence, these could avoid any misunderstandings and delays during the construction works.Besides, the competency and experience of the Management Contractor will also ensure this fast track procurement can be carried out efficiently. A high level of experience Management Contractor who familiar with this type of procurement route must be appointed so that the works on site are well manage and control throughout the whole process.6.2.3 Quality strategyThe Management Contracting would ensure the required high quality and aesthetic standards of this new build project can be successfully met. This is because this type of procurement method allows the Client to appoint and oversee the design team to develop detailed design which fulfills the specific requirements. Furthermore, to ensure the quality and aesthetic standards of this university facility are met, the Client has to make sure that the design team are aware and focus from the beginning of the project to develop the design based on these commitments. Additionally, all of the detailed drawings and specification produced by the design team must go into the contract between the Client and the Management Contractor so that the requirements of the Cl ient are well informed thus can be managed efficiently the works on site to ensure the requirements are met.7.0 Form of ContractA contract is defined by Cooke Williams (2009) as a means of formalising the relationship between the contracting parties in which the rights and obligations of the parties are agreed and the balance of risk between the parties established. The contracts also establish how administrative procedures and the serving of formal notices are to be conducted and mechanisms for dealing with contract payments, delays, compensation and disputes says Cooke.There are several of contracts produced by different bodies used in the construction industry but by far the JCT (Joint Contracts Tribunal) is the most popular forms of contract in use. Hence, the JCT 2005 Management Building Contract is recommended to be used in this project. The JCT 2005 Management Building Contract comprises (Hackett, Robinson Statham, 2007)Management Building ContractManagement Works Contract Tender AgreementManagement Works Contract ConditionsManagement Work Contract / Employer AgreementUnder this forms of contract, the management contractor tenders on the basis of a management fee and the works contract are being let by separate packages when the design of those packages are developed (Cooke Williams, 2009). The management contractor is legally bound with these work package contractors under the Management Works Contract. In other words, the management contractor is responsible to manage the work package contractors.Moreover, during the design stages, the contract also requires the management contractor to cooperate with the consultant team such as architect, engineering and quantity surveyor. In addition, all necessary programmes for execution of the project which includes detailed construction programme are required to prepare by the management contractor (Cooke Williams, 2009). Under the contract, the management contractors duties include maintaining and regularl y updating the detailed construction programme.8.0 ConclusionIn conclusion, the Management Contracting is the most suitable procurement route for this project. This procurement system allows the Client to design the new university facility according to his requirements and appoints the Management Contractor to manage the construction works on site.Using the Management Contracting, the price certainty can be achieved with close monitor of the cost of each work packages so that the building can be built within the budget of 20 million. Furthermore, the advantage of this fast track procurement method tends to meet the time of completion for this project. Last but not least, since this is a prestigious project, this type of procurement route ensure the high quality and aesthetic standards are met in accordance with the Clients requirements. With these, it is recommended for the University to adopt the Management Contracting as the method of procurement to maximise the success of the pr oject.