Free Essays on The Never Ending Night

In the autobiographical novel Night by Elie Wiesel, the young teenager Elie underwent the transformation from a boy who had faith and honored his God to a man who no longer believed in that God. Elie was a Jewish boy who lived in a small Hungarian town called Sighet, during World War II. When Elie was fifteen, Germans invaded Hungary and sent all his friends and family to concentration camps. During this devastating time in his life, Elie saw a great deal of inhuman deeds done to the Jews by the Germans and he started to lose faith in God. By the time he was finally liberated, he was starved, lost most of his family, and lost all faith in the Jewish God. There are many examples in the beginning of Night where people are trying to keep and strengthen their faith but there are many more examples of people rebelling against God and forgetting their religion. The first example of Elie loosing his faith is when he arrived at Auschwitz. Elie and his father are directed to go to the left. A prisoner then informs them that they are on their way to the crematory. Elie’s father recites the Kaddish or prayer for the dead. Revolt rises up inside of Elie and he questions God. â€Å"Why should I bless His name? The Eternal, lord of the Universe, the All-Powerful and Terrible, was silent. What had I to thank Him for?† (Wiesel 31). Another example of prisoners in the concentration camp loosing their faith in Night is when the pipel, a young child, was hung in front of the whole camp. The pipel was the Oberkapo’s servant. The Oberkapo was the leader of the fifty-second unit. He never struck or insulted the prisoners who worked under him ,that is why the prisoners loved him . Even though most pipels were cruel and hated, this one had the face of a sad angel and was loved by all. The Oberkapo was suspected in the intentional explosion of Buna’s electric power station. He was transferred to Auschwitz but the pipel was left behind. The pipel refus... Free Essays on The Never Ending Night Free Essays on The Never Ending Night In the autobiographical novel Night by Elie Wiesel, the young teenager Elie underwent the transformation from a boy who had faith and honored his God to a man who no longer believed in that God. Elie was a Jewish boy who lived in a small Hungarian town called Sighet, during World War II. When Elie was fifteen, Germans invaded Hungary and sent all his friends and family to concentration camps. During this devastating time in his life, Elie saw a great deal of inhuman deeds done to the Jews by the Germans and he started to lose faith in God. By the time he was finally liberated, he was starved, lost most of his family, and lost all faith in the Jewish God. There are many examples in the beginning of Night where people are trying to keep and strengthen their faith but there are many more examples of people rebelling against God and forgetting their religion. The first example of Elie loosing his faith is when he arrived at Auschwitz. Elie and his father are directed to go to the left. A prisoner then informs them that they are on their way to the crematory. Elie’s father recites the Kaddish or prayer for the dead. Revolt rises up inside of Elie and he questions God. â€Å"Why should I bless His name? The Eternal, lord of the Universe, the All-Powerful and Terrible, was silent. What had I to thank Him for?† (Wiesel 31). Another example of prisoners in the concentration camp loosing their faith in Night is when the pipel, a young child, was hung in front of the whole camp. The pipel was the Oberkapo’s servant. The Oberkapo was the leader of the fifty-second unit. He never struck or insulted the prisoners who worked under him ,that is why the prisoners loved him . Even though most pipels were cruel and hated, this one had the face of a sad angel and was loved by all. The Oberkapo was suspected in the intentional explosion of Buna’s electric power station. He was transferred to Auschwitz but the pipel was left behind. The pipel refus...

Television and Obesity essays

Television and Obesity essays Technology and Television: Child Obesity The children of today are becoming more obese, for the fact that they are obtaining laziness. They are spending more time in front of the television then they are getting their daily exercise. Their growing bodies need exercise to lose baby fat before it gets to be a serious problem. The growth of technology has formed a major impact on the obesity of todays children. This technology has substituted normal childhood play exercises with computer games that take less physical effort. Because of technology in today's society the problem with child obesity has become tremendously intensified. First, what is child obesity? The term child obesity means a child is a person between birth and puberty and obese is extremely fat: corpulent(The American Heritage Dictionary 265,856). This disease is caused due to a lack of exercise and over-eating by a child. Child obesity can cause many medical problems for a child that suffers from such a disease. Obesty is a widespread disease that is growing incredibly worse as technology increases. Furthermore, it is obvious that the lack of exercise has a major part to do with child obesity; scientists blame the television for a substitute to outdoor sports. Kids are spending more time watch television than they are doing physical activities. The findings strongly support the notion that the most important lifestyle factor in childhood obesity is television watching(Monmaney). The television brings the childs imagination to life, giving them entertainment to do without the running and exercising of outdoor sports. The more television a child watches the more obese the child will get. Next, the problem is getting so out of hand that the government is going to have to start getting involved. Satcher and Shirley Watkins, the undersecretary of agriculture for food, nutrition and consumer services said that, "'TV increases obesity, stifle...

Japanese popular culture and Eastern media societies Case Study

Japanese popular culture and Eastern media societies - Case Study Example To a large extent though, Japanese influence has been to a larger extent that the others. The indigenous culture is not without American influence. On the contrary, some components of the American popular culture that can be regarded as the global culture have been modified by East Asian flavors to form a culture that is globalized and indigenous to the region at the same time. The proliferation of Japanese culture in the East Asian countries reflects an uneven influence. The fact that the Japanese culture has a greater reach that the rest of the region ´s indigenous cultures depicts Japanese imperialism (Iwabuchi 2001, pp. 12). During the early years of Japanese visual industry, most of the products were imports from Hollywood. However, the country realized that the best way forward was to indigenize and localize American popular culture by interpreting the American ideas to fit the Japanese context. Due to the cultural proximity, Japanese products found an audience within the other East Asia countries who could largely relate their own culture with that of the Japanese culture albeit with much influence from the more superior American culture, which other societies consider modern and hence use it as a measure of their own culture against modernity. Since Japan ´s influence came from the indigenization of the western ideals, there is a consciousness that the rest of the East Asian societies could do the same. Therefore, Japanese culture remains dominant due to the realization that its greatest strength is the influence of the western ideals and their localization into the indigenous context. The greatest weapon that the Japanese influence employs is the depiction of their culture as being superior. This leaves the consumer of a product like a TV drama craving to be part of the dream that is depicted in the drama. As such, people who

Marketing Research assignment 5 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Marketing Research 5 - Assignment Example se logarithms to envision ROI (return on investment .Mathematical difference refers to the percentage acquired after computing the difference between your merchandise cost and the selling price. The larger the difference for instance 70%, the less profit gained because of competition from other companies. Basically, managerially important difference refers to variation in preferences used by company management concerning price and output decisions, choice and techniques of production, demand estimation, investment decision, and long run production decision (Vikram 8). These differences in management may or may not lead to adjustment in changes and invention of new ideas. Organizations that recruit managers with different qualities and capabilities based on different approache to situational factors are at high chances of profiting because of the divergent ideas. On the other hand, statistical significance is a test that determines if marketing research reports are significant or incidental. They include chi-square tests, t-tests, and z-tests which studies relationship between two categorical variables. The level of significance used is 0.10 or 0.05. A result with level of significance of 0.1(90%) indicates statistical significance. To determine if its incidental you check the sample size and determine the margin of error; P (Z=

Explore the theme of escapism in Peter Pan Essay Example for Free

Explore the theme of escapism in Peter Pan Essay The theme of escapism is prominent in much childrens literature. Frances Hodgson-Burnetts The Secret Garden is, like Peter Pan, an example of Edwardian childrens literature. Both these novels are tales of escapism from real life into another world. There are also more recent examples of escapism in childrens literature. In the 1950s C. S. Lewis invented Narnia, and in even more recent literature, Harry Potter escapes his everyday life to go to school at Hogwarts. J. M. Barries Peter Pan, an early Edwardian novel, is one of the great classics of British childrens literature and is, on the surface, a tale about a boy who refused to grow up. There is however, an underlying plot concerning a girl who must grow up. It is from this obligation that Barries Neverland acts as a form of escape. Throughout Peter Pan, there is little focus on the female characters. It is almost assumed that Wendy will grow up and become a Mother, as all daughters do. Although Neverland allows Wendy to escape from her home and from the domestic world she knows, she does not escape domesticity altogether. She almost becomes mother to the Lost Boys, and is given a number of domestic duties such as ironing Peters shadow. However, Wendys relationship with Peter is not entirely conventional. She appears to be the closest thing Peter has to a girlfriend, as he rejects the sexual advances of both Tinkerbell and Tiger Lily. However, Wendy also appears to be acting as his mother, something Peter has been deprived of his whole life. It is the childish energy of Barries imagination filled with such a splendid jumble of pirates, redskins, fairies and mermaids that enthrals so many children (Carpenter p172). Through this manipulation of other peoples minds and emotions, Barrie carries them off from the real world to a country of his own invention (Carpenter p179). Barrie seems to be presenting his readers with a substitute faith, to act as a form of escape from the Christian teachings of the Victorian era. It has even been suggested that Peter Pan is in fact an alternative religion. Humphrey Carpenter suggests that in many respects Peter is Christ-like. Possibly the most obvious example of this is when he takes Wendy and her brothers on a flight of fantasy to his own heavenly land (Carpenter p182). The Lost Boys who live there seem to represent the souls of the dead as Peter asserts, They are the children who fall out of their prams when the nurse is looking the other way, therefore further increasing Neverlands resemblance of heaven. The concept of escaping to heaven was extremely important to Barrie. He lost his brother David at a young age and subsequently spent much of his life trying to become a living version of the boy who by dying remained ever young (Wallshli ger p120). To observe Peter and Hook as the Christ and Satan of Barries religion, the reader must have faith in the novel. The theme of belief is interesting throughout Peter Pan as the reader is, like the Darling children, constantly being asked, Do you believe? In order to fly, the Darling children must have faith, and think lovely wonderful thoughts, as Peters fairy dust is, in itself not enough. In turn the reader or audience must have faith and believe in the fact that a child can fly. Similarly, in order to escape to Neverland, a reader must have faith that there is such a place somewhere past the second star to the right and straight on until morning. The theme of belief is particularly important at the end of Barries story when the darling children lose their faith and no longer believe in Peter, and so cannot see him. Though faith and belief are important in Peter Pan, the dream of escaping to another world seems to be almost self-sufficient. Barrie implies there is little need to grow up or awaken from this dream as it is in fact already framed by the Edwardian domesticity of the real world where wealth and relationships are important. Carpenter in fact goes further than this by asserting that children must not grow up and claims that to visit Neverland requires an act of belief that children cannot sustain as they grow up (Carpenter p180). Peter himself seems to be of the opinion that it is only children, who can escape the drudgery of everyday life and claims, I want always to be a little boy, and to have fun. Barries adventure story and his creation of such a magical hero seems to have achieved what so much childrens literature had previously tried to do. Peter represents the shift from the Victorian perception of the child as a moral icon to a craze for the child as a fun-loving playboy hero (Wallshli ger p111). Peter has no memory or emotion, and so can live only for the moment and experiences ecstasies that other children can never know (Wallshli ger p117). Peter is an asexual child rather than a young man. Barrie himself was also somewhat sexless, and it is doubtful whether his marriage was ever consummated. This lack of sexuality and romantic relationship is represented well on stage as Peter is often played by an actress, and is therefore viewed as an androgynous figure. Another interesting aspect of the casting of Peter Pan is that of Mr. Darling and Hook, who traditionally, are played by the same actor. This becomes particularly significant when considering the theme of masculinity in Peter Pan. There is much evidence of male competitiveness in the novel. The most obvious example of this is Peters dual with Hook, which appears to be an assertion of masculinity by Peter. It is particularly interesting that it is Peter and the lost boys who triumph over Hook who is a mature villain. This youthful triumph acts as another form of escape for a young reader. Traditionally in Victorian society adults were in control and would have power over children. In Barries Childrens fantasy, it is youth and sexual immaturity that enable Peter to triumph over his adult rivals. It has been suggested by many critics that Peter, The boy who wouldnt grow up, is a representation of Barrie himself. Barrie was a short man and despite a moustache retained a markedly boyish look until old age (Carpenter p173). He was in a physical respect, quite literally, a boy who couldnt grow up. This figure of a man in a childs body is undoubtedly the principle model for Peter, who is neither child nor adult (Carpenter p177).

OLD GRINGO :: essays research papers

the editor of the Journal mentioned above, Dr. Earl H. Elam, made a systematic search of records in the Presidio County courthouse and found no trace of anyone with a name resembling Bierce having died there during that period. Importantly, Elam also spent a lengthy period in the military records at the National Archives in Washington, D. C. during 1989. While there he located and recovered reams of documentation concerning military activities on both sides of the Big Bend of the Rio Grande border during the Mexican revolution, but he found no trace of Ambrose Bierce having died at Marfa, or anywhere else for that matter. Nevertheless, Bierce probably did see Marfa, Texas, one time. It was from a train coach window as he passed through on his way to El Paso during November. Certainly, he never returned. The most rational explanation for the disappearance of Bierce is that he came north with Villa, arrived near Ojinaga on January 9, and was either slain during the battle on January 10 or that he died of natural causes sometime during that entire time frame. There is even a small piece of information that tends to prove this proposition: after the revolution several groups of investigators went into Mexico looking for Bierce. One method they used in their research was to interview former villistas who were known to have been at Chihuahua and then at Ojinaga during the same time that Bierce was believed to have been there. One officer, a man reportedly named Ybarra, when shown a photograph of Bierce, said that he had indeed seen him at Ojinaga but that after the assault on the federal garrison (which assault we do not know) he never saw him again. So, it is most reasonable to conclude that Ambrose Bierce died at Ojinaga. Many of the dead at Ojinaga were buried in trench graves. Many others however, were interlaced with dry wood, mostly vigas and wooden planks that had been taken from the wrecked structures in Ojinaga, then doused with kerosene and set afire on the plaza de armas in front of the Nuestra Padre de Jesà ºs church. So, was Bierce’s body burned to ashes, or was he buried in an unmarked grave? It is doubtful that anyone will ever know. Doubtful I said, not certain. For tantalizing clues are occasionally brought to light. There is, for example, that piece of information concerning the execution of an old American journalist by huertista soldiers in an old mining village of northern Zacatecas.

Formation of Asean Essay

The formation of ASEAN was mainly driven by the desire to improve on diplomatic relations between Southeast Asian nations so that they could focus more on nation building efforts. The 1960s was the decade of tumult, where Southeast Asian nations faced various external tensions and conflicts from one another. During then, it was of utmost importance for SEA nations to improve multilateral diplomatic relations so as to promote peace in the region. This peace would refer to ensuring political stability and diminishing animosity among SEA nations so as to allow them to build their nations collective as a whole. Should the territorial disputes and racial tensions between SEA nations escalate to armed conflict between SEA nations, it could greatly affect SEA nation building. There were a few key events which highlighted this fear. Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation during 1962–1966 expressed Indonesia’s political and armed opposition to the creation of Malaysia. In 1963, President Sukarno ordered Indonesian paratroopers to instigate a military attack on Malaysia and to initiate acts of sabotage in Singapore. This situation and events subsequently strained ties between the two nations. To make matters worse, Malaysia’s relationship with Philippines were soured due to dispute ownership over Sabah. These SEA countries had to deal with conflicts with its neighbours while tending to their own domestic problems. Indonesia, embroiled in conflict with Malaysia, suffered internal discontent due to Sukarno’s mismanagement of the economy and the implementation of guided democracy. As SEA nations wanted to concentrate fully on nation building efforts, they first had to settle regional disputes so as to be able to allocate time and resources for domestic improvement. Thus, ASEAN was set up by the desire to improve diplomatic relations. Although the main impetus for the formation of ASEAN was political in nature, economic cooperation was also high on the agenda of the organisation. The economies of the SEA nations were still developing in the 1960s and were largely dependant on their foreign colonel masters. As such, the SEA nations wanted to form ASEAN so as to promote regional trade and economic links. In this way, they can cut dependence from western countries but instead tap on resources from within. In the 1960s, intra-regional trade was a mere 12% to 15%. With the formation of ASEAN, economic cooperation blossomed as new agreements were signed. These include the ASEAN Free Trade Area, whose objective is to increase the region’s competitive advantage as a single production unit. It was a way to help boost the burgeoning industries of SEA. It is important to develop the economy of these young SEA nations as it ensures peace, progress and prosperity in a nation. Thus, one of the other reasons for the formation of ASEAN was to promote economic development. However, although the formation of ASEAN was spurred by various reasons, the desire to improve diplomatic relations among the countries proved to be the greatest motivation source. Strong diplomatic relations and trust among SEA nations will allow countries to develop their society and economy. If no trust exists between countries, there can be hardly any economic activity as countries would be skeptical of each other. Thus improving diplomatic relations would be more important than promoting economic activity. Bibliography www. wikipedia. org www. worldscibooks. com/eastasianstudies/4689. html

Partnership Essay

Q-1Define Partnership and explain the features of Partnership? Ans. A partnership is the relationship existing between two or more persons who join to carry on a trade or business. Each person contributes money, property, labor or skill, and expects to share in the profits and losses of the business. A partnership must file an annual information return to report the income, deductions, gains, losses, etc., from its operations, but it does not pay income tax. Instead, it â€Å"passes through† any profits or losses to its partners. Each partner includes his or her share of the partnership’s income or loss on his or her tax return. Partners are not employees and should not be issued a Form W-2. The partnership must furnish copies of Schedule K-1 (Form 1065) to the partners by the date Form 1065 is required to be filed, including extensions. If you are a partnership or a partner (individual) in a partnership, use the information in the charts below to help you determine som e of the forms that you may be required to file. a)The main features of partnership are given below: 1.Agreement There must be agreement between the parties concerned. This is the most important characteristics of partnership. Without agreement partnership cannot be formed. â€Å"No agreement no partnership.† But only competent persons are entitled to make a contract. There are some provisions contained in the partnership agreement. These are determined clearly before the commencement of business. But it differs from business to business. This documents may be written or oral. But it must be written so that disputes may be settled according to the provisions of agreement. 2.Number of Partnership There should be more than one person to form a partnership. But there is restriction for the maximum number of partners. In case of ordinary business, the partners must not exceed 20 and in case of banking must not exceed 10 (before nationalization). 3.Business The object of the formation of partnership is to carryon any type of business. It may be manufacturing or merchandise type small or large scale business. But it should not be illegal business in the country concerned. 4.Profit motive The basic motive of the formation of partnership is to earn profit. This profit is distributed among the partners according to agreed proportion. If there is loss it will be sustained by all partners except the minor. 5.Conduct of Business The business of partnership is conducated by all the partners or any or them acting for all. But each partner is allowed to participate in the management by law. 6.Entity It has no separate entity apart from its members. It is not independent of the partners. Law has not granted it any legal entity. 7.Unlimited liability This is the prominent feature of partnership that the liability of each partner is not limited to the amount invested but his private property is also liable to pay the business obligations. 8.Investment Each partner contributes his share in the capital according to the agreement. Some persons become partners without investing any capital to the business. But they devote their time, energy and ability to their business instead of capital and receive profit. 9.Transferability of share There is restriction to transfer the share from one partner to another person without the consent of existing partners. So the investment in the partnership remains confined into few hands. 10.Position One partner is an agent as well as principal to other partner. He can bind the other person by his act. In the position of an agent he can make contract with another person or parties on behalf of his concerned firm. 11.Mutual Confidence The business of the partnership cannot be conducted successfully without the element of mutual confidence and cooperation of partners. So the members must have trust and confidence in each other. 12.Free Operation There are no strict rules and regulations to control the partnership activities in our country i.e. no restriction for the audit of accounts, submission of various reports and other copies to any government authority. So this organization may operate freely without any interference. Q-2Explain the advantages and disadvantages of Partnership? Ans.The main advantages and disadvantages can be explained as: – a) Advantages of Partnership Partnership is preferred to other forms of business due to the following advantageous points. 1.Ease of Organization Partnership can be organized without any legal formalities. There is no license fee, registration fee, registration fee for the formation of this type of organization. No formal documents are required to be submitted to the Registrar’s Office. Two or more persons may start this type of business at any time. But the formation of the Joint Stock Company is needed long complicated process. 2.Sufficient Capital In the sole proprietorship the capital remains limited but this problem does not arise in the partnership firm due to number of partners i.e. 20 in ordinary business and 10 banking business. As such partner contributes his share in the business so capital volume can be sufficiently increased for business activities. 3.Borrowing Facilities The partnership firm is considered safe organization for providing credit facilities due to unlimited liability of partners. Thus sufficient funds in terms of credit can be: procured from financial institutions or other sources in time of need. 4.Simplicity in Dissolution There are no complicated legal requirements for the dissolution of the partnership firm. Partners may dissolve their business very easily at any time. On the other side, Joint Stock Company cannot be dissolved without fulfillment of the long process of the company ordinance 1984. 5.Combined Abilities A firm may enjoy the combined abilities of several heads. There may be different abilities of partners i.e. purchaser, administrator, accountant and Technician. So the firm is in a position to utilize their services for product1ve purposes. 6.Skilled Workers As the firm enjoys larger financial sources therefore, it is possible for the organization to hire the services of qualified and competent persons for indefinite period of time. Thus capital and financial sources of firm may be utilized maximum in profitable sector. 7.Minority Protection Minority protection in a partnership cannot be neglected by law. All the policy matters are decided with the consent of each partner. If any matter is disposed of without the willingness of one partner, the dis-agreement partner may withdraw his share and may dissolve the firm. Thus there is no risk of any conspiracy against the minority partners on behalf of the majority partners. 8.Personal Interest The partnership firm is in a better position in respect of personal element as compared with Joint Stock Company. As number of members in ordinary business cannot exceed 20, so all the benefit is confined among these partners. This factor creates the effective motivation to efficiency, economy, production and strong financial position. 9.Minimum Legal Restrictions This form of organization is fee from following restrictions: (a)Declaration of Profit. (b)Submission of the Report to the Registrar’s office. (c)To audit the annual accounts. (d)To call the meeting. (e)To dispose of the Resolution. (f)To maintain the statutory books. (g)To publish certain statements. On the other hand, public company has to follow strictly the above mentioned restrictions by law. But partnership may operate freely without interference from any legal authority. 10.Public Trust People show more confidence on partnership firm than sole tradership. If firm is registered they think .these are working under the supervision of the government. So people feel no risk in creating relation with such business. Thus goodwill is established in the market which increases the income earning capacity of the firm. 11.Expansion of Business There are more chances to expand the business volume due to the following factors: (a)Large number of partners. (b)Combine judgment and abilities. (c)Personal interest of each partner. (d)Fore-sight element due to unlimited liability. (e)Administrative and technical abilities. (f)Borrowing facilities. But some important factor are not found in sole tradership. So its business cannot be expanded comparatively. 12.Flexible Management This organization is considered flexible as compared with Joint Stock Company. Partners can change their business policy with mutual consultation. They thus make immediate decision, since there is no necessity of disposing of resolution. The quickness of action is the most important element in the field of management as well as in marketing. 13.Secrecy As there is no compulsion to publish its accounts for partnership firm so the business secrecy remains confined within the partners. This sector is important for successful operation of the business. But Public Company has to publish all types of accounts by law. 14.Moral Promotion Partnership is the best organization for small investors and to show themselves the proprietors of the firm. This factor promotes the moral courage of partners.

Natural Disasters in India with Special Reference Essay Example

Natural Disasters in India with Special Reference Essay Example Natural Disasters in India with Special Reference Paper Natural Disasters in India with Special Reference Paper Landslides are common in the Lower Himalayas. Parts of the Western Ghats also suffer from low-intensity landslides. Floods are the most common natural disaster in India. The heavy southwest monsoon rains cause the Paramount and other rivers to distend their banks, often flooding surrounding areas. Though they provide rice payday farmers with a largely dependable source of natural irrigation and fertilization, the floods can kill thousands and displace millions. Excess, erratic, or untimely monsoon rainfall may also wash away or otherwise ruin crops. Almost all of India is flood- prone, and extreme precipitation events, such as flash floods and torrential rains, have become increasingly common in central India over the past overall decades, coinciding with rising temperatures. Mean annual precipitation totals have remained steady due to the declining frequency of weather systems that generate moderate amounts of rain. A natural disaster might be caused by earthquakes, flooding, volcanic eruption, landslide, hurricanes etc. In order to be classified as a disaster it will have profound environmental effect and/or human loss and frequently incurs financial loss. This review elucidates the natural disasters of Tamil Nadia and its possible cause as well as the preventive/mitigation measures. Keywords: Natural starters, droughts, flash floods, cyclones, avalanches, landslides, hurricanes. Introduction At the global level, there has been considerable concern over natural disasters. Many natural disasters in India have caused havoc to the life and property of citizens and nature as a whole from time to time. Because of this, united Nations General Assembly, in 1989, declared the decade 1990-2000 as the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction with the objective to reduce loss of lives and property and restrict socio-economic damage through concerted international action for appropriate management travesties, especially in the developing countries. These disasters include cyclones, floods, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, famines, drought, landslides etc. Amongst all the ones mentioned floods and earthquakes are the most common in India. India is no exception as it has been traditionally vulnerable to natural disasters on account of its unique gee-climatic conditions. Floods, droughts, cyclones, earthquakes and landslides have been recurrent phenomena in India due to large population growth, and migration into urban areas (De et al. , 2005). Tamil Nadia has witnessed havoc caused by yeses and storm surge in the coastal regions, earthquakes, monsoon floods, landslides, and recently the Tsunami. Increase in urban population coupled with the construction of man-made structures often poorly built and maintained subject cities to greater levels of risk to life and property in the event Of earthquakes and other natural hazards. India is an area of 3,287,263 square kilometers and a coastline of 7516 km, with the last official census in 2001 showing a population 1. 028 billion people (NIB, 2009). Tamil Nadia covers an area of 130, 0582 SMS and has a coastline f about 1,076 SMS which is about 15% of the coastline of India (Bavarian et al. , 2011). More than 40% of the fisher population lives within 1 km of coast and 50% of them live within 2 km of the coast. The geographical setting of Tamil Nadia makes the state vulnerable to natural disasters such as cyclones (Mascaras and Kumara 2007) floods and earthquake-induced tsunami. About 8% of the state is affected by five to six cyclones every year, of which two to three are severe. Cyclonic activities on the east coast are more severe than on the west coast, and occur mainly be;en April-May and October- November (Supply and Aircraftman, 2009). Floods Floods are high stream flow that overflows the natural banks of the rivers and most of the times become calamitous. India is the most flood affected nation after Bangladesh. Out of total deaths by Floods in the world, (1/5) are from India. The main causes of floods are excessive rains in river catchments, poor natural drainage, Change of river course, Landslide restricting river flow, cyclone and very intense rainfall (Fig. 1). Over that past few years the rise in population is forcing large settlements along the river banks, making the country Thou Education and Research Trust (YEAR) Stephen, 201 2 J. Cad. Indus. Rest. Volvo. 1(2) July 2012 60 policies and measures for various preventions and disaster management activities are properly implemented. From the flood hazard map of India (Fig. 1), it is seen that no area in Tamil Nadia falls in the risk zone. But within a local body area, particularly with reference to an areas proximity to a major drainage system like rivers, canals, and also water bodies like lakes, and further with reference to contour levels/low-lying areas, flood prone area mapping has to be done. Tamil Nadia is also subjected to annual flooding including flash floods, cloudburst floods, monsoon floods of single and multiple events, cyclonic floods, and those due to dam bursts or failure. Every year, on average thousands of people are affected, a few hundred lives are lost, thousands are rendered homeless and several hectares of crops are damaged. Every year, Flooding in India affects Tamil Nadia and the other Indian states of Assam, Briar, West Bengal, Gujarat, Arioso, Utterance, and Maharajahs (Supply and Aircraftman, 2009). Floods are the most frequent and often the most devastating. The cause of flood is mainly the causalities of rainfall in North east monsoon period in the state. Out of the total annual rainfall in the state, 90% is concentrated over short monsoon season of three months. As a result, heavy discharges from the rivers during this period causing widespread floods in the delta regions. Floods occur mainly in the coastal districts basin that carries 100% of the state total river flows (Poniard, 2006). Cyclones Cyclone refers to a whirl in the atmosphere with very strong winds circulating around it in anti-clockwise direction in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. Cyclones re intense low pressure areas with pressure increasing outwards. Cyclones can be hazardous as Cyclones are normally associated with strong winds. A storm surge is an abnormal rise of sea level near the coast caused by a Fig. 1. F-loot hazard map of India. Highly vulnerable to Floods. The most vulnerable states of India are Attar Pradesh, Briar, Assam, West Bengal, Gujarat, Arioso, Andorra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharajahs, Punjab and Jam and Kashmir. In 1994, a major flood killed 147 people in Kraal, 138 in Gujarat and marooned 10000 in Madhya Pradesh. In 1995, the states of Attar Pradesh, Harlan and Raunchy Pradesh were severely hit by flood causing huge casualties. In the year 1996, a fierce flood literally paralyzed India, Thousands of people died, got homeless, were marooned in the states of Restaurants, Andorra Pradesh, Jam and Kashmir also affecting many other parts Of the country. In short, nearly every year one or the other part of the country is severely hit by Hoods and creating a shameful history for India. It is high time that the @Youth Education and Research Trust (YEAR) J. Cad. Indus. Rest. Volvo. 1(2) July 2012 61 period (Fig. 2). The coast line starts from Publican along the east coast and extends up to Ruminatively in Sanitarium District and consists of Estuaries of ecological importance, Major and Minor ports, Fishing harbors, Monuments of international heritage, Tourist locations, Pilgrimage centers, etc. Earthquakes Earthquakes are powerful manifestations of sudden releases of strain energy accumulated within the crust and propagated as seismic waves. The need to understand and study the phenomenon of earthquake is for a simple reason, that it is the most disastrous natural calamity for mankind. The Himalayan Frontal arc in India is amongst the most seismically active regions of the world. Even the Peninsular Stretch is extremely susceptible to Earthquakes. The Run of Ketch Earthquake of 1918 is one of the largest interplant events in the world. The first Seismological observatory in India was established in the year 1 898 in the city of Calcutta. Over the years the department has been exponentially expanded by the Meteorological Department of India. Tamil Nadia is not as seismically active as states in the northern and western parts of the country, small to moderate earthquakes have occurred in the state of Tamil Nadia. The frequency of earthquakes is low I. E. The gap between moderate sized events is fairly long. Seismic activity in the recent past has occurred in clusters (Disgusts et al. , 2000) along the borders with Andorra Pradesh, Karakas and Kraal. Ever tropical cyclone; as a result, sea water inundates low lying areas of coastal regions drowning human beings and lives-stock, eroding beaches and embankments, destroying vegetation and reducing soil fertility. Fig. 2. TN: Hazard Map-earthquake, Floods and Cyclone (After Poniard, 2006). Apart from strong winds, cyclones can result in heavy rains causing floods. However, the most destructive factor associated with the cyclones is the storm surge. The worst and the oldest cyclone in India was in 1 737, in Calcutta that took 300000 lives respectively. For cyclone forecast and advance warning, the Government has strengthened the Meteorological Department, by providing Cyclone Surveillance Radars at Calcutta, Prepared, Visitation, Machinations, Madras and Karakul in the east coast and at Cochin, Goat Bombay and Bush in the west coast. As India has a vast coastline Several faults have been identified in this region out of it is extremely vulnerable to cyclone. In India, nearly 150 which many show evidence of movement (Disgusts et million people are prone to natural hazard in coastal l. , 2000) during the Holocene period. The east-west areas (Return, 1995; 1999). Bay of Bengal is one of the trending Caver Fault, Tranquiller- Butchery Fault five cyclone prone areas of the world. The coastal and Vagina River Fault and the north-south trending regions surrounding this bay are frequently affected by Coming-Point Acclaimer Fault and Rationalizations from the sea as well as from the rivers due to Deviant Fault are some of them and run close to tropical cyclones and related storm surges and heavy major urban centers like Combaters, Madeira, rainfall. In Tamil Nadia during he years 1 990 to 1 995, Imagination, Thankful and Butchery. ND 2006 the damages caused Fig. 3. Seismic hazard map of TN (After Amateur Seismic Centre, 2012). To property were worth 5800 million rupees (US$ 170 M) and the loss of human lives were more than 500 (Rammers, 2007). Tamil Nadia lies in the southern part of Indian peninsula and has a long east coast. The east coast is more vulnerable to cyclones and floods. Tamil Nadia has a very long coastline Of about smoke with 591 coastal villages, which is exposed to tropical cyclone arising in the Bay of Bengal and has seasonal character to Tamil Nadia. In 2005, 9 cyclonic storms crossed Tamil Nadia and Andorra coast in a three month 62 the influence of gravity (Noncom et al. , 1972; Barnes, 1978; Hutchinson, 1988; WAP/WILL, 1990; Cruder, 1991; Cruder and Barnes, 1996). In the hilly areas of India, the sliding of huge masses of land has been a common natural disaster causing havoc to life and property. One of the worst and most disastrous landslides has been recorded in the year 1998 in the state of Outranked, when nearly 380 people were killed. As a measure of concern many committees and other measures have been taken to protect from this natural havoc in India. In India, the regions of Himalayas and the Western Ghats are the most vulnerable to these land-slides. Fig. 4. Block diagram of a landslide (Barnes, 1974). However, it must be stated that proximity to faults does not necessarily translate into a higher hazard as compared to areas located further away, as damage from earthquakes depends on numerous factors such as subsurface geology as well as adherence to the building codes. The seismic hazard map of India was updated in 2000 by the Bureau of Indian Standards (IBIS). According to the new map more areas of Tamil Nadia are susceptible to damage from earthquakes than previously thought (Fig. ). The city of Achaean, formerly in Zone II now lies in Zone Ill. Districts in the western part of the state, that lie along the border with Kraal also lie in Zone Ill, along with districts along the border of Andorra Pradesh and a section of the border with Karakas. The maximum intensity expected in these areas would be around MASK VII. The rest of the state lies in Zone II. Since the earthquake database in India is still incomplete, especially with regards to earthquakes prior to the historical period (before 1800 A. D. ), these zones offer a rough guide of the earthquake hazard in any particular region and need to be regularly updated Praiseworthy and Rejuvenated, 201 1 According to GAPS data, the state of Tamil Nadia falls mostly in a region of low seismic hazard with the exception of western border areas that lie in a low to moderate hazard zone. Butchery lies in a low hazard region. As per the 2002 Bureau of Indian Standards (IBIS) map, Tamil Nadia and Butchery fall in Zones II and Ill. Historically, parts of this region have experienced seismic activity in the MM. O range. Tamil Nadia is also prone to very severe damaging earthquakes. Its people feel much more vulnerable to earthquake-induced tsunamis since the 004 Indian Ocean tsunami, which affected the coast of Tamil Nadia destroying much of the marine biology and severely damaging the ecosystem (Government of Tamil Nadia, 2008). Crops, settlements, trees, birds, fishes, wildlife, and properties were destroyed. Precious coral reefs and mangrove areas were crushed by the huge tsunami waves that devastated South India, an environmental and economic setback that could take years to reverse. Power and communications were totally disrupted. The damage to humans, especially women and children, and animal life, was tremendous, resulting in emotional and mental trauma (Kumar et al. 2007). Largest Instrumented Earthquake occurred in Tamil Nadia and Butchery on the 26 September 2001(11. 984 N, 80. 25 E, D=OHIO. O SMS, UTC). A moderate earthquake occurred in the Bay of Bengal, off the coast of the union territory of Butchery, on 25 September 2001 at 20:26 PM local time resulting in three deaths and minor damage to property in Butchery and coastal Tamil Nadia. It had a magnitude of Mm=S. 5. Landslides Landslides are mass movement of rocks and debris that usually follow a cyclone, volcano or earthquake under The main causes of landslides are weak, weathered materials, physical repertory variation, Ground uplift, erosion, Earthquake, Volcanic eruptions etc. The general and simple mitigation that are adopted or should be adopted are drainage correction, proper land-utilization, reforestation and spreading Of awareness. Landslides have represented 4. 89% of the total natural disasters that occurred worldwide during the years 1 990 2005 (www. Me-data. Net). Landslide is one of the major natural hazards that are commonly experienced in hilly terrains all over the world. Landslides are affect at least 15 per cent of the land area of India-?an area which exceeds 2 0. 49 million km . In India the incidence of landslides in Himalayas and other hill ranges is an annual and recurring phenomenon. There is a variation in the degree of landslide incidences in various hill ranges (Table 1). Table 1. Incidences of landslides in India. Region Incidences of landslides Himalayas High to very high North eastern Hills High Western Ghats and the Inklings Moderate to high Eastern Ghats and Evangelically Low For example, the landslide incidences are high to very high in Himalayas, high in Northeastern hill ranges, high to moderate in Western Ghats and Inklings and low in the hill ranges of Eastern Ghats and Vanishes. The landslide hazard conation atlas of India published by Building Materials and Technology Promotion Council (EMPTY), Government of India reveals that the Inklings district of Tamil Nadia state is one of the severe to very high landslide hazard prone areas Of India. 63 rain at OConnor resulting in washing away of one woman and 2 Children. The rainfall recorded at OConnor and Kodak was 145. 2 mm and 142. 2 mm respectively. On the 19 there was heavy landslide of 1 00 yards in width and about 1. 00 km in length in Sells of Kettle Village of OConnor Talk resulting In filling up of a Valley of 30- 50. The heaviest rainfall of the day was 187. 6 mm at OConnor. On 20. 1 1. 1979 also, there was heavy rain of 102. 2 mm at OConnor and a heavy landslide at Sells in which a house was completely buried in the debris along with 2 women and 3 children. The rainfall recorded on that day at Agitator, Kodak and Kandahar was 90. 4 mm, 99. 8 mm and 78. 0 mm respectively. There was heavy SST rainfall of 71. 0 mm at Devalue on 21 . On 28. 11. 79 also there was heavy rain of 144. 2 mm at OConnor. the 25 October 1990: The North East Monsoon was heavy and there was a cloud burst. More than 35 families were buried alive in a place called Gadded. November 1993: There was another cloud burst on 11 11-1993 in the upper reach of Marmalade of OConnor Talk, about 18 huts situated below the road and washing away OConnor MET Ghats Road for about la km. The Road traffic was suspended for more than a fort night. 12 persons lost their live and 15 persons missing. It is laid that 21 passengers were washed away with two buses. An important highway, sheared stretched of rail road for about 300 m. H 1 1 December 1 998: Due to continuous rain fall, one big boulder weighing about 20 m tones fell on the OConnor Metallurgy main road and the road as closed for traffic, the rock was blasted and earth slips were removed and traffic was resumed from 14. 12. 98. December 2001: Due to continuous rainfall, two massive landslides occurred near puddle on the Counterrevolutionary high way damaging Non bridges resulting in the complete closure of traffic. In addition a closer damage was al so caused to the railway track between OConnor and Metallurgy. Bridge no 55 near hill grove railway station was completely damaged and Bridge No 56 was also damaged. November 2006: Consequent upon continuous heavy rains in the Inkling Hills, numerous landslides were reported to have occurred at the early ours on 14. 11. 2006 killing one and injuring three persons and disrupting traffic in NH 67 and blocking of Mountain Rail track between Metallurgy and OConnor (inklings. Nice. In; Sympathy et al. , 2010). Drought Drought is a temporary aberration unlike aridity, which is a permanent feature of climate. It is a normal, recurrent feature of climate and occurs in all climatic regimes and is usually characterized in terms of its spatial extension, intensity and duration. Conditions of drought appear when the rainfall is deficient in relation to the statistical multi-year average for a region, over an extended erred of a season or year, or even more (Manual for drought management, 2009). There are three types of droughts; Meteorological drought is when the actual rainfall is much less than the climatologically mean of the area. Unprecedented rains triggered about a hundred landslides within an area of 250 sq. SMS in the district during 1978. Nearly 200 landslides were recorded during 1979 and causing loss of life and severe damage to property. Though the Inkling and other mountainous areas are known to be susceptible to landslides, occurrences of such magnitude were unknown earlier. A total of 8 landslides of medium to large size occurred on 14 November, 2006 along NH between Cellar and Pudenda villages and along Mountain Railway track between Dearly and Barbital stations. In the recent times casualties and damage due to landslides have increased in the Inkling Hills. More than 110 landslides were reported within five days from 10 to 15 November, 2009, and taken away about 80 human lives, also the vast damage reported on houses, roads and railway lines. This taught the lesson for the need and urgency of landslide planning in Inklings among the scientific community and planners (Sympathy et al. 2010). Some of the major landslides of Inklings rd 23 October 1865: Worst Storm on record occurred around Toy and OConnor. OConnor Railway station was covered with water up to 5 feet deep. In Toy Lake rose up to top Of willow bound and threatened to breach it. November 1891: Storm caused many landslips on the OConnor Ghats, and did great damage to the Agitator Metaphysical road. December 1 902: Twenty one inches of rain (three times the average amount) fell in that month in OConnor, and at Agitator 24 inches (six times the average amount) was received, of which 8. 45 inches fell in a single night. The OConnor railway was blocked for a month the old and new OConnor railway was blocked for a month the old and new OConnor Ghats roads for nearly as long and all the traffic of the eastern side of the plateau was thrown upon the Agitator Ghats, which was itself in a perilous condition slips having occurred throughout and being serious in six places out of its twenty one miles length. the 4 October 1905: 6. 8 inches of rain fell at OConnor in three hours and the OConnor river and its effluents came down in heavy and sudden floods, the former sweeping right over the parapet of the bridge near the realization. The families of the station staff had to be rescued by breaking open the back windows of their quarters with crowbars. the 5 November 1978: mm of rain was recorded at Toy of which 243 MM was during the night between 5. 00 pm the of 4 and 8. 00 am of 5th. Many people were killed in Toy on account of houses collapses, landslides and drowning. Reports were also received regarding the causalities due to landslides and floods in Kohlrabies; Mitochondria; Dossal and Galatia areas of Dogmatically Talk and Manhattan of OConnor Talk. the November 1979: Heavy rainfall started from 12 November 1 979 and the highest rain fall as 114. Mm at the Kodak. On 13 it was 149. 4 mm at OConnor and 169. 9 the mm at Kodak. On the 15 night heavy landslide had the occurred at Duodecimal, on 16 night there was heavy 64 Fig. 5. Map of drought prone districts of India (Drought prone areas are in red). The country as a whole may have a normal monsoon, but different meteorological districts and sub-divisions can have below normal rainfall. The rainfall categories for smaller areas are defined by their deviation from a meteorological areas normal rainfall (Table 2). Table 2. Rainfall categories. Category Excess Normal Deficient Scanty Deviation 20% or more above aroma 19% above normal-19% below normal 20% below normal-59% below normal 60% or more below normal Meteorological history of droughts in India During 1871-2002, there were 22 major drought years, defined as years with All India Summer Monsoon Rainfall (ASSAM) less than one standard deviation below the mean (I. E. Anomaly below-10%): 1873, 1877, 1899, 1901, 1904, 1905, 1911 , 1918, 1920, 1941, 195 1, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1972, 1974, 1979, 1982, 1985, 1986, 1987, 2002. The frequency of drought has varied over the decades. From 1899 to 1920, there were 7 drought years. The incidence of drought came down teens 1941 and 1 965 when the country witnessed just three drought years. Again, during 1965-87, of the 21 years, 10 were drought years and the increased free ounce was attributed to the El Nine Southern Oscillation (ONES). Among the drought years, the 1 987 drought was one of the worst droughts of the century, with an overall rainfall deficiency of 19%. It affected 59-60% of the crop area and a population of 285 million. In 2002 too, the overall rainfall deficiency for the country as a whole was 19%. Over 300 million people spread over 18 States were affected by drought in varying degrees. Around 150 million cattle were affected due to lack of fodder and water. Food grains production registered the steepest fall of 29 million tones. No other drought in the past had caused reduction in food grain production to this extent (Samara, 2004). Hydrological drought results from the depletion of surface water causing very low stream flow and drying of lakes, rivers and reservoirs and Agricultural drought resulting from depletion of soil moisture resulting in acute crop stress and fall in agricultural productivity. India has been severely affected by droughts over the past years claiming millions of lives. The agriculture in India is totally dependent on rains, which when is not adequate results in poor yielding of crops. This is particularly true of major drought-prone regions such as southern and eastern Maharajahs, northern Karakas, Andorra Pradesh, Arioso, Gujarat, and Restaurants (Fig. 5). In India there is also a history of droughts leading to famines. During the major drought of 2000-2001, a total of eight states had fallen short of crops. Government policies and preventions play the most significant role in coping up with these environmental disasters. Drought is a normal, recurrent feature of climate.

Creative Metaphor - Definition and Examples

Creative Metaphor s A creative metaphor is an original comparison that calls attention to itself as a figure of speech. Also known as a  poetic metaphor, literary metaphor, novel metaphor, and unconventional metaphor.  Contrast with conventional metaphor  and dead metaphor.  American philosopher Richard Rorty characterized the creative metaphor as a challenge to established schemes and conventional perceptions: A metaphor is, so to speak, a voice from outside logical space. It is a call to change ones language and ones life, rather than a proposal about how to systematize them (Metaphor as the Growing Point of Language, 1991). Examples and Observations Her tall black-suited body seemed to carve its way through the crowded room.(Josephine Hart, Damage, 1991)Fear is a slinking cat I findBeneath the lilacs of my mind.(Sophie Tunnell, Fear)The apparition of these faces in the crowd;Petals on a wet, black bough.(Ezra Pound, In a Station of the Metro)Yeatss Dolphin-torn . . . SeaThose images that yetFresh images beget,That dolphin-torn, that gong-tormented sea.(W.B. Yeats, Byzantium)- Although this last line is acutely visual, its three main items, dolphin, gong and sea are as much literal as metaphoric elements of the scene: the poem had begun with the cathedral gong ringing out over the sea, and had gone on to speak of the dolphins in the waters around Byzantium. Of course, dolphin and gong also stand for something elsethe vitality of the living animal, the majesty and authority of religion over the spirit, but they do this primarily as images. Direct metaphor is reduced to a subordinate position here, in the words torn and tormented, since neither of them can literally be applied to water. The first very vividly catches the force with which the dolphin leaps from and returns to its elements. The second communicates the extent to which that element is troubled by the demands of the spiritual.(Stan Smith, W.B. Yeats: A Critical Introduction. Rowman Littlefield, 1990)- By using metaphors, much more can be conveyed, through implication and connotation, than through straightforward, literal  language. Take the case of . . . that literary metaphor dolphin-torn: what exactly is Yeats suggesting about the sea, and how else could this have been expressed? Just as writers convey meaning more open-endedly when they use metaphorical language, readers interpret less narrowly than they would literal language. So meaning is communicated between writer and reader in a less precise way, even though the metaphors may seem concrete and vivid. It is this imprecision, this fuzziness of meaning, which makes metaphor such a powerfu l tool in the communication of emotion, evaluation, and explanation too.(Murray Knowles and Rosamund Moon, Introducing Metaphor. Routledge, 2006) Creative Metaphors Outside LiteratureThe chaotic category creative metaphor includes typically literary examples such as novel metaphors and poetic metaphors. The crucial question is, however, whether it is possible to extend this category beyond literary examples. If this is possibleand an examination of the terms creative and creativity suggests that it isthen it will be possible to find many creative metaphors even in political discourse which is, actually, not very famous for being creative.(Ralph Mueller, Critical Metaphors of Creative Metaphors in Political Speeches. Researching and Applying Metaphor in the Real World, ed. by Graham Low, Zazie Todd, Alice Deignan, and Lynne Cameron. John Benjamins, 2010)Communicating Through Metaphors- Even though our individual stories are different, we communicate through the common language of metaphor by embodying our ideas in images and details. By ruminating upon ourselves, we also conjure stories of others. By this acknowledgment of othe rs experiences, we address a whole range of social, political, and cultural issues.Its impossible to live every life, fight every war, battle every illness, belong to every tribe, believe in every religion. The only way we come close to the whole experience is by embracing what we see both inside and outside the window of the page.(Sue William Silverman, Fearless Confessions: A Writers Guide to Memoir. University of Georgia Press, 2009)- The ground of appropriateness for a new insight provided by a creative metaphorthe compelling condition of the new similarity, what suggests that it fitscannot be restricted to a complex of established perspectives. For it is this complex, or some part of it, that is challenged by the new insight.(Carl R. Hausman, Metaphor and Art. Cambridge University Press, 1989)   See also: MetaphorLove Is a MetaphorThirteen Ways of Looking at a MetaphorUsing Similes and MetaphorsWhat Is a Metaphor?

Determining the Effectiveness of Graphic Organizers Research Paper

Determining the Effectiveness of Graphic Organizers - Research Paper Example Study Justification The graphic organizers do not remain within the bounds of books. Nowadays, almost in every academic institution; they are frequently used. Additionally, expository terms and texts are mostly written in a vogue manner; additionally, many academic authors use sophisticated language that hinders many students to properly understand the exact meaning of the text. In this regard, it becomes highly necessary to understand and determine the effectiveness of graphic organizers. Research Questions 1. What is an academic performance difference that is provided by the graphic organizers? 2. What makes graphic organizers to be more effective? Hypothesis Graphic organizers have been effective in diminishing the impacts of learning disabilities and at the same time upgrade the academic performance of the students. Null Hypothesis Learning disabilities do not remain the same regardless whether semantic mapping or cognitive mapping is utilized. Variables There exist two types of variables-independent and dependent variable. The independent variable is one that does not depend on the function of any other variable, and the opposite is true about the dependent variable. In this research proposal, they are: Independent variable = cognitive mapping or semantic mapping Dependent variable= Learning disabilities Assumptions 1. ... Cognitive Mapping Cognitive mapping facilitates developing significant ideas and relationships by employing arrows, spatial arrangements and lines with an aim of evaluating and understanding a particular text, context structure or a relationship between different concepts (Darch & Eaves, 1986). Semantic Feature Analysis Semantic Feature Analysis (SFA) is constructed in a way to enabling students to identify and comprehend relevant but pertinent pieces of information from lecture or text. The shape of matrix is used to present conceptual characteristics; and a matrix relationship uses vocabulary for its development, which represents the coordinate concepts installed at the top of the matrix and the vocabulary provides the subordinate concepts along the side (Bos & Anders, 1990). Semantic Mapping Semantic mapping enables students to highlight significant pieces of information from a lecture of text. In addition, students can pinpoint the isolated parts of information from the lecture o f text after identifying the main ideas supporting the main theme of the concept. In this way, semantic mapping is highly relevant to make better reading sense (Little &Box, 2011, p.27). Syntactic/Semantic Feature Analysis Syntactic/ Semantic Feature Analysis (SSFA) do not much differ from the concept of SFA. However, some difference such as adding the cloze-type sentences, for which matrix provides its base, are included to in the SSFA concept. In this concept, cloze sentences comprise of empty spaces. And, the empty spaces are to be filled up by the students by comprehending the context of the sentence and the SFA matrix. Visual Display Using computational manner, the visual displays are constructed in a way to represent concepts, relationships or facts spatially. In

Marketing Starbucks Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 98

Marketing Starbucks - Case Study Example Finally, the organization has the option to increase additional 20 hours per week to ensure improve the efficiency of service.To select from the available options, it is crucial for the management to consider the advantages and weakness of each option available to the organization. To begin with, the idea of increase the labour resource is crucial as it will ensure that labour is shared and hence there is efficient service delivery. However, this is likely to increase the cost of production, which would trivialise the organization profitability. Increasing the number of automatic service machines would be crucial in reducing the cost of labour and provide a consistent service to the customers. On the other side, this would jeopardise the customer interaction and may be expensive in the long run if the customer tastes change (Youngme & Quelch, 2003). Lastly, increasing the working hours per week would be crucial to handle the extra labour demanded by efficient service delivery, but th is would require employee cooperation to be effective. From the analysis of the available options, it would be advisable for the management to proceed with the idea of additional 20 hours per week. This method is cost-effective and would ensure that the customer-employee interaction is upheld. This is crucial to understand change in customer tastes (Youngme & Quelch, 2003). The challenge with this approach is that the management would require winning the employee cooperation. To win employee loyalty, the organization should consider paying the extra hours to motivate the employees to work during the extra time. Unlike the other methods that require additional costs, this approach will be cheap and efficient for the  company.