Biological And Psychological Theory Of Crime Criminology Essay

Biological And mental Theory Of Crime Criminology testifyIn this paper I am going to discuss a biologic and psychological theory of nuisance and to differentiate between the deuce perspectives, highlighting the advant shape ups and disadvantages of each. The purpose of this assignment is to critically assess the strengths and weakness of different criminological theories. Crime is a phenomenon of deviant behavior, representing a high attempt to people, and thitherfore punishable by law. In modern society, offense is considered to be a complaisantly dangerous act, prohibited by law chthonian the threat of punishment. Crime is the nearly dangerous kind of a social pathology deviating from the norm, deviant behavior. Therefore, the main backb unrivalled elements of crime atomic number 18 psycheality traits of a potential execrable and the social conditions of life.Biological theoryThe first attempts to apologise the term crime were of a biologic character. Scientists have searched for natural causes repayable to the tendency of round people to crime. In 1870 an Italian criminologist Cesargon Lombroso concluded that some people were born with criminal tendencies. In his point of view, criminal types gutter be identified by their shape of skull. Lombroso did not deny the circumstance that society could influence on the development of criminal behavior, but believed that most perpetrators are biologically degenerative. Subsequently, the estimation of a biological predis countersink to crime has been subjected to criticism.In the second half of the XX blow attempts were made to striking the criminal tendencies of a certain set of chromosomes in the genetic code. In several studies conducted in prisons, medium security, the result was obtained, showing that such a deviation was one of hundreds of prisoners, compared with one person per thousand for the general population. However, it concisely emerged among researchers surmise that this result is due to itty-bitty sample sizes. Studies on large tracts of the population showed that men with abnormal chromosome no more likely to frame violent acts than the usual set. Thus, the biological approach to the explanation of crime has failed.Lombroso precept in the offender characteristics of a primitive prehistoric man and beast and developed his concept of a born criminal that is the basis for biological theories of crime in criminology.Lombrosos concept of a born criminal has a thesis about natural character and eternal existence of crime in human society. According to this concept the type of criminal rights is characterized by certain stigmata (signs or marks, supposedly distinguish it from the type of a person impregnable). The basis of this classification served as his research of about 400 Italian criminals in prisons. Subsequently, through research it was found that the methods applied by Lombroso, were not adequate, and the study conclave was not representative. Lombr oso compared his criminals with a mixed control group consisting of Italian soldiers. Finding in 43% of criminals more than five personal anomalies at each, Lombroso concluded that this confirms his hypothesis of the existence of a congenital criminal type, which is present a genetic shift to earlier forms of animal life. smorgasbord of a born criminal is a significant part of the safe and sound concept of Lombroso, clearly confirming the primitive simplicity and at the kindred time, anti-humanism of this concept and its political reaction.In addition, Lombroso studied 79 teenagers at age of 12 years old, placed in a correctional home. They include 40 people who had committed theft, 27 vagrants and 7 of the killers. Its position regarding the causes of new crime found on the results of his study Lombroso expressed in the next conclusion that the virtuous anomalies, which would create a reference to an adult crime, manifested in children in a much larger scale and with the sam e symptoms, specially due to hereditary reasons. In this respect, education can do nothing. It cannot alteration those who were born with perverted instincts.This statement fully reflects Lombrosos general methodological position about the presence of a special type such as a criminal person with the congenital criminal traits and innate proneness to commit crimes. The fact that the study of adolescent delinquency has become an entire part of the work, which was presented Lombrosos main theoretical concept once again confirms that it applies to juvenile delinquency all the main provisions of the concept. It is important to address that British researchers have concluded that the differences between criminals and criminals are practically absent, and therefore such a phenomenon as a criminal type does not exist.Psychological theoryPsychological theory of crime, as well as biological one, associates with criminal inclinations of a particular type of spirit. In the XX century s ome psychologists, establish on Sigmund Freuds ideas, have suggested that a small component part of people develop immoral, or psychopathic personality. According to Freud, most of our moral values come from the self- liberalizationraint, which we are learnt from our early childhood. Due to the special constitution of the relationship with parents, some children do not produce the similar self-restraint, and, accordingly, there is the lack of basic sense of morality. Psychopaths can be described as a closed people finding a big merriment in violence.Psychological theory of crime has, in contrast to biological one, the rational core. However, they only can explain some aspects of crime. Although a small minority of criminals do have the personal characteristics that are different from the rest of the population, but such features have not all violators of the law.It is necessary to mention that Freud thought that any actions of people are rushing out unconscious mind instincts or inclinations. When the controlling volitional factor is not able to mash the natural instinct there is a conflict, spilling into a crime. Other psychological theory states that the commission of crimes is a sign of mental illness or other psychopathological disorders.Bandura in his social learning theory admits that reading would be exceedingly laboriousif people had to rely solely on the effects of their own actions to inform them what to do from observing others one forms an idea of how new behaviors are performed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide for action (Bandura, 1977). Kohlberg identified six stages of moral development, which flip-flop one another in a strict sequence and are similar to the cognitive stages of Piaget. He stated that concern for others was not based on intrinsic respect or loyalty, but rather was based on you scratch my back, and Ill scratch yours mentality (Kohlberg, 1973). The transition from one stage to another occurs as a result of improving cognitive skills and the ability to empathize (empathy). Unlike Piaget, Kohlberg does not bind moral developments periods of the personality of a certain age. While most people reach for at least the third stage, some for life are morally immature.To philia up the above-stated information I want to admit that the causes of crime are analyzed by many sciences, lawyers, sociologists, psychologists, economists, and even biologists. However, none of the existing theories bear an exhaustive explanation of all types of crime.