Systems Model; Critique

evaluate the relevance of the clays get to the study of politics Models, theories and concepts as preliminaryes for analysing constitution and purpose making have been developed by policy-making and genial scientists to transmit the study of everyday policy, to facilitate communication and to suggest possible explanations for policy actions. This essay is a critique of the relevance of the systems puzzle to the study of politics. A deterrent example is conceptu anyy defined as a theoretical facsimile of empirical data that aims to advance understanding through highlighting of substantive relationships and interactions.According to Heywood (2007) one of the most influential models in policy-making abbreviation is the Political system model developed by David Easton (1979, 1981) which aims to explain the complete semi semi governmental process including the functions of the major political actors through what is confabulateed systems depth psychology. A system is an organised and complex whole, a set of interrelated and interdependent split that form a collective entity. Roskin, Cord, Medeiros & Jones (1997) concur that in the political systems model the politics of a given country worked the same way as a biological system.Here they were trying to emphasise the interrelationships and inter dependance likening it to the biological human body how the various organs involve or related to each new(prenominal) and likening this to the political system. Systems speculation is therefore the theory that treats the political system as a self-importance regulating mechanism responding to inputs (demands and supports) by issuing authoritative decisions or outputs (policies). David Eastons model illustrated the conception of a linkage between inputs and outputs in a political system(Heywood, 2007).Inputs consist of demands and support from the general prevalent and demands in a political system range from haul for the need of a higher(prenominal) standard of living, improved employment opportunities, greater protection to minorities, improved social benefits among m either. Support on the other hand includes ways in which the public responds to the political system that is by paying taxes, offering compliance to the situate through participation in public life and other social issues. Heywood (ibid) further asserts that outputs on the other and are in the form of laws promulgated by government, consisting of decisions and actions of government that is the passing of laws, the imposition of taxes and most importantly allocation of public funds. The outputs generate feed sanction which consist of further demands and support from the general public. but Easton referred to what he called gatekeepers being political parties, church organisations, pressure groups which gatekeepers manage the information of the the great unwashed and convey their inputs in the form of demands and supports. Outputs from government go back to t he hatful and the cycle goes on and on.He projected that a political system tends to operate at equilibrium as its survival depends on outputs being brought into line with inputs. However, according to Anderson (1997) the usefulness of the systems theory in studying public policy is limited by its highly general and gip nature. Older studies have devoted little attention to the nature and rendering of public problems. It is now conventional wisdom that policy study that does non consider the characteristics and dimensions of the problems that stimulate government action is less than complete.In Eastons model there is no clarity on the inputs which are the problems of the public. It gives a general picture of society. The importance lies in knowing both why almost problems are acted on and others are neglected and why a problem is defined in one way rather than a nonher. It is in addition important to know the nature of the problem whether it is foreign or domestic, a new item or an outgrowth of an existing policy to ascertain the ensuing policy making process, issues that the systems model is silent on.According to capital of Mississippi & Jackson (2003) the basic argument of systems analysis is that governments are the centre of political systems which involves three stages mainly the effects of the environment on a political system by making multiple demands, as well as providing fundamental support. A demand tin be defined as a condition or situation that produces needs or dissatisfaction among people for which relief or redress is sought.For example problems such as pains pollution, unwhole few food, abortion, urban congestion, crowded prisons and global warming are conditions that may become problems if they produce sufficient anxiety or dissatisfaction to cause people to seek a remedy. For this to happen people must(prenominal) have some criterion or standard by which the troubling condition is judged to be both unreasonable or unacceptable an d appropriate for government to breed Anderson (1997). Conditions do not become public problems unless they are defined as such, articulated by someone or defined as such.The systems model therefore does not explore these highlighted problems. According to Jackson & Jackson (ibid) the systems analysis is criticised often arguing that the model on which it is based does not sustain discern which part of a political system are indispensable or influential. It is further reasond that it is impossible to predict how or even whether a change in one part of the system will run another part. Furthermore political systems are not as well related as the model implies. Political systems are not as static as the model impliesAnother criticism of the systems theory is that it does not acknowledge the changes that occur with time. According to Roskin (et al) systems change over time with the filch of new powers, new technologies and new alliances. It does not even recognise the existence of bigger entities with many components for example countries or groups of countries that interact with each other forming international systems. To some the fall of the Soviet empire in the 1990s marked the end of the cold war and the bipolar system.But some argue that the bipolar system did not end with the collapse of the Soviet Union, but rather a multi polar economics race emerged. As Moscow gave up the East European nations and no longer present any invasion threat to Western Europe which moved enveloping(prenominal) to unity in the European Union (EU). All barriers among the fifteen members disappeared, producing a single economy if not a single political entity. The get together States on the other hand had some economic problems, massive mountain deficits following massive budget deficits making it the biggest debtor.It could no longer call the tune and get alliance from allies in Europe and Asia. Countries of the easterly bloc consolidated their political system signifi toleratetly. The systems model is limited in this sense in that its diagrammatic representation is besides limited to downhearted entities. According to Anderson (ibid) a condition to be turned into a problem, must be seen as an appropriate topic for governmental action and further, as something for which there is a possible governmental remedy or solution.The systems model does not articulate the inputs fed into gate keepers, neither does it clarify the disparity between conditions and problems. Those who oppose government action to ban smoking in public places may argue that tobacco smoke is not harmful, or that smoke is a matter of individual choice and should not be regulated. Professor Wildavsky contends that officials are unlikely to deal with a problem unless it is mate with a solution. He thus, states that a problem is a problem only if something can be done about it,(Anderson, ibid). Thus in Eastons model there is no emphasis on the nature of the inputs. index distribu tion in the systems model is not adequately explored in the graphical representation. In todays world for example the American system, political power is fragmented and dispersed by constitutional prescription and political practice. Many points of official decision making exist and a ingroup of officials share in the exercise of political power and the formulation of public policy. Structural functionalism focuses on the different levels of a system and their reciprocal influences and to a fault the possibility of making generalisations about them.It is premised on what structures fulfil what functions in any given system and under what conditions. Key proponent Almond (1960) critically examined Eastons model and proceeded to look for the functions that could be included among the inputs and outputs of a political system and identified six functions. Chief among these functions is interest articulation, interest aggregation, decree application and adjudication and communication . Political systems consist of units or structures that perform certain or particular functions.The detailed variables with which the model is concerned are structural that is pressure groups, political parties, the legislature among many. Political systems are compared on the basis of the functions that are performed by their units. However, according to Jackson &Jackson (ibid), the structural functional approach does not accommodate itself well to the state as a self-propelling entity. The mechanical role of performing functions is assigned to the state. It ignores the human element that those who perform functions of the state may have their own interests.Some critics even argue that structural functional approach places too much emphasis on technology and rational procedures and obscures the relationship between structures and functions. Almond seems to contend that all systems must evolve in the same manner and direction as did the Anglo American Democracies if they wish to de velop to higher political stages. David Eastons model of a political system is the basis of most contemporary political systems. But however, it is only ideal as there are unvaried changes that occur in the society we live in, therefore an equilibrium can never be achieved.It forms a basis of analysis upon which scientific generalisations can be made. REFERENCE Anderson, J. E. Public policy making An introduction (3rd edition). Houghton Mifflin alliance Boston Heywood, A. (2007). Politics (3rd edition). Palgrave Macmillan New York Jackson, R. J. & Jackson, D. (2003). An introduction to political science. Prentice pressure group Toronto Roskin, M, Cord, R. L, Medeiros, J. A, & Jones, W. S. (1997). Political science an introduction (6th edition). Prentice Hall International (UK) express London